{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:23:44Z","timestamp":1792794224850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["U01HL123336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL123336"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL146267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL146267"]}]},{"name":"REPRIEVE Clinical Coordinating Center","award":["U01HL123339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL123339"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fzvsb30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1AI068636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI123001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K24AI57882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI57882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ACTG Leadership and Operations Center","award":["UM1AI106701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI106701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among people with HIV (PWH), sex differences in presentations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) may be influenced by differences in coronary plaque parameters, immune\/inflammatory biomarkers, or relationships therein.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>REPRIEVE, a primary ASCVD prevention trial, enrolled antiretroviral therapy (ART)\u2013treated PWH. At entry, a subset of US participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and immune phenotyping (n = 755 CTA; n = 725 CTA + immune). We characterized sex differences in coronary plaque and immune\/inflammatory biomarkers and compared immune-plaque relationships by sex. Unless noted otherwise, analyses adjust for ASCVD risk score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary analysis cohort included 631 males and 124 females. ASCVD risk was higher among males (median: 4.9% vs 2.1%), while obesity rates were higher among females (48% vs 21%). Prevalence of any plaque and of plaque with either \u22651 visible noncalcified portion or vulnerable features (NC\/V-P) was lower among females overall and controlling for relevant risk factors (RR [95% CI] for any plaque: .67 [.50, .92]; RR for NC\/V-P: .71 [.51, 1.00] [adjusted for ASCVD risk score and body mass index]). Females showed higher levels of IL-6, hs-CRP, and D-dimer and lower levels of Lp-PLA2 (P &amp;lt; .001 for all). Higher levels of Lp-PLA2, MCP-1, and oxLDL were associated with higher plaque (P &amp;lt; .02) and NC\/V-P prevalence, with no differences by sex. Among females but not males, D-dimer was associated with higher prevalence of NC\/V-P (interaction P = .055).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among US PWH, females had a lower prevalence of plaque and NC\/V-P, as well as differences in key immune\/inflammatory biomarkers. Immune-plaque relationships differed by sex for D-dimer but not other tested parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT0234429 (date of initial registration: 22 January 2015).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T01:44:04Z","timestamp":1663119844000},"page":"323-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sex Differences in Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Systemic Immune Activation\/Inflammation Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Markella V","family":"Zanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borek","family":"Foldyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"McCallum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia H","family":"Burdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation and Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E","family":"Looby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Yvonne L. Munn Center for Nursing Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen V","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelynne S","family":"Fulda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Autissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology , Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald S","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke Global Health Institute and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D","family":"Malvestutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl J","family":"Fichtenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar T","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A","family":"Aberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine M","family":"Erlandson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado\u2014Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado\u2014Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant B","family":"Ellsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandi N","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babafemi","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Global Health, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith S","family":"Currier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J","family":"Ribaudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. 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