{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:24:03Z","timestamp":1792794243093,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW007124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW007124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI114444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI114444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Emory\/Georgia TB Research Advancement Center","award":["P30AI168386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI168386"]}]},{"name":"Emory University Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n52x113","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TB Research Unit ASTRa","award":["U19AI111211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI111211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes dysregulation and suppression of immune pathways involved in the control of tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, data on the role of chronic hepatitis C as a risk factor for active TB are lacking. We sought to evaluate the association between HCV infection and the development of active TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cohort study in Georgia among adults tested for HCV antibodies (January 2015\u2013September 2020) and followed longitudinally for the development of newly diagnosed active TB. Data were obtained from the Georgian national programs of hepatitis C and TB. The exposures of interest were untreated and treated HCV infection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1 828 808 adults were included (median follow-up time: 26 months; IQR: 13\u201339 months). Active TB was diagnosed in 3163 (0.17%) individuals after a median of 6 months follow-up (IQR: 1\u201318 months). The incidence rate per 100 000 person-years was 296 among persons with untreated HCV infection, 109 among those with treated HCV infection, and 65 among HCV-negative persons. In multivariable analysis, both untreated (aHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.4\u20133.4) and treated (aHR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4\u20132.0) HCV infections were associated with a higher hazard of active TB, compared with HCV-negative persons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults with HCV infection, particularly untreated individuals, were at higher risk of developing active TB disease. Screening for latent TB infection and active TB disease should be part of clinical evaluation of people with HCV infection, especially in high-TB-burden areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1663760032000},"page":"245-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association of Treated and Untreated Chronic Hepatitis C With the Incidence of Active Tuberculosis Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davit","family":"Baliashvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Benkeser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell R","family":"Kempker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Shadaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Averhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Gvinjilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Adamashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disease Control and Public Health , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kamkamidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Union and Clinic NeoLab , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamuka","family":"Zakalashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic \u201cMrcheveli\u201d , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengiz","family":"Tsertsvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lali","family":"Sharvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic \u201cHepa\u201d , Tbilisi , Georgia"},{"name":"The University of Georgia , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamuka","family":"Chincharauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestan","family":"Tukvadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel R","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health , Atlanta, Georgia , 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