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Moreover, the impact of impairment on functioning and medication adherence has not been described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cognitive test battery (10 measures assessing 7 cognitive domains) was administered to 34 participants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013associated TBM 6 months after diagnosis. Cognitive performance was compared with that a comparator group of 66 people with HIV without a history of tuberculosis. A secondary comparison was made between participants with TBM and 26 participants with HIV 6 months after diagnosis of tuberculosis outside the central nervous system (CNS). Impact on functioning was evaluated, including through assessment of medication adherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 34 participants with TBM, 16 (47%) had low performance on cognitive testing. Cognition was impaired across all domains. Global cognitive performance was significantly lower in participants with TBM than in people with HIV (mean T score, 41 vs 48, respectively; P &amp;lt; .001). These participants also had lower global cognition scores than those with non-CNS tuberculosis (mean global T score, 41 vs 46; P = .02). Functional outcomes were not significantly correlated with cognitive performance in the subgroup of participants in whom this was assessed (n = 19).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low cognitive performance following HIV-associated TBM is common. This effect is independent of, and additional to, effects of HIV and non-CNS tuberculosis disease. Further studies are needed to understand longer-term outcomes, clarify the association with treatment adherence, a key predictor of outcome in TBM, and develop context-specific tools to identify individuals with cognitive difficulties in order to improve outcomes in TBM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T21:22:31Z","timestamp":1666214551000},"page":"842-849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cognitive Impairment in Tuberculous Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angharad G","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna J","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Albertyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mpumi","family":"Maxebengula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cari","family":"Stek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , Republic of South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Wasserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , Republic of South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South 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Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , Republic of South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Nightingale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape 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