{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:17:34Z","timestamp":1784074654079,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1111236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1111236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1116751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1116751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The magnitude of pediatric enteric pathogen exposures in low-income settings necessitates substantive water and sanitation interventions, including animal feces management. We assessed associations between pediatric enteric pathogen detection and survey-based water, sanitation, and animal characteristics within the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali, we assessed enteric pathogens in stool of children aged &amp;lt;5 years with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and their matched controls (diarrhea-free in prior 7 days) via the TaqMan Array Card and surveyed caregivers about household drinking water and sanitation conditions and animals living in the compound. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using modified Poisson regression models, stratified for cases and controls and adjusted for age, sex, site, and demographics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacterial (cases, 93%; controls, 72%), viral (63%, 56%), and protozoal (50%, 38%) pathogens were commonly detected (cycle threshold &amp;lt;35) in the 4840 cases and 6213 controls. In cases, unimproved sanitation (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.12\u20132.17), as well as cows (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.16\u20132.24) and sheep (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11\u20131.96) living in the compound, were associated with Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli. In controls, fowl (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15\u20131.47) were associated with Campylobacter spp. In controls, surface water sources were associated with Cryptosporidium spp., Shigella spp., heat-stable toxin-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Giardia spp.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings underscore the importance of enteric pathogen exposure risks from animals alongside more broadly recognized water and sanitation risk factors in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T13:58:36Z","timestamp":1681912716000},"page":"S140-S152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exploring Survey-Based Water, Sanitation, and Animal Associations With Enteric Pathogen Carriage: Comparing Results in a Cohort of Cases With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea to Those in Controls in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8303-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M","family":"Berendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Prentice-Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Fagerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunkyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Jahangir Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ; Banjul , The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samba O","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali) , Bamako , Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanogo","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali) , Bamako , Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joquina Chiquita M","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ; Banjul , The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex O","family":"Awuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Ogwel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research , Kisumu , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R","family":"Verani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Alain","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene N","family":"Kasumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Roose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed M A","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ; Banjul , The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia , USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health at Qingdao University , Qingdao , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara E","family":"Sugerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali (CVD-Mali) , Bamako , Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Abbafati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Troeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30351-6","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Rogawski McQuade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006956","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Knee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz179","article-title":"Impact of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on enteric infections in rural Zimbabwe: the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial","volume":"221","author":"Rogawski McQuade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.024","article-title":"Causal pathways from enteropathogens to environmental enteropathy: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Kosek","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0639","article-title":"Stool-based pathogen detection offers advantages as an outcome measure for water, sanitation, and hygiene trials","volume":"102","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30268-2","article-title":"The WASH Benefits and SHINE trials: interpretation of WASH intervention effects on linear growth and diarrhoea","volume":"7","author":"Pickering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B10","volume-title":"Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities","author":"Wagner","year":"1958"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13051","article-title":"The impact of drinking water, sanitation and hand washing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and -regression","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12915","article-title":"Household sanitation is associated with lower risk of bacterial and protozoal enteric infections, but not viral infections and diarrhea, in a cohort study in a low-income urban neighborhood in Vellore, India","volume":"22","author":"Berendes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.03.005","article-title":"Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"221","author":"Delahoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B14","volume-title":"Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines","author":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002972","article-title":"Diarrhoea, enteric pathogen detection and nutritional indicators among controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, Kenya site: an opportunity to understand reference populations in case-control studies of diarrhoea","volume":"147","author":"Berendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis761","article-title":"The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS): impetus, rationale, and genesis","volume":"55","author":"Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis753","article-title":"The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case\/control study","volume":"55","author":"Kotloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B19","article-title":"Changing landscape of moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children in 3 sub-Saharan African countries following rotavirus vaccine introduction: the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA)","author":"Kotloff"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30541-8","article-title":"Diarrhoeal disease and subsequent risk of death in infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: analysis of the GEMS case-control study and 12-month GEMS-1A follow-on study","volume":"8","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac968","article-title":"A description of the statistical methods for the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B23","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v015.i02","article-title":"The R package geepack for generalized estimating equations","volume":"15","author":"Halekoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S472","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis051","article-title":"Estimates of enteric illness attributable to contact with animals and their environments in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Hale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B26","article-title":"Survey-based assessment of water, sanitation, and animal-associated risk factors for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015\u20132018","author":"Berendes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171017","article-title":"Microbiome sharing between children, livestock and household surfaces in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Mosites","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17672","article-title":"Interconnected microbiomes and resistomes in low-income human habitats","volume":"533","author":"Pehrsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30129-9","article-title":"Putting the \u201cA\u201d into WaSH: a call for integrated management of water, animals, sanitation, and hygiene","volume":"3","author":"Prendergast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(00)00036-4","article-title":"Evaluation of worldwide approaches to the use of HACCP to control food safety","volume":"11","author":"Ropkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11537","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02811","article-title":"Exposure to animal feces and human health: a systematic review and proposed research priorities","volume":"51","author":"Penakalapati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0001-2013","article-title":"Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from nonhuman sources and strain typing","volume":"2","author":"Beutin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2401","article-title":"Detection, prevalence, and pathogenicity of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from cattle hides and carcasses","volume":"15","author":"Stromberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw708","article-title":"Emerging public health challenges of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli related to changes in the pathogen, the population, and the environment","volume":"64","author":"Karmali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-13","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Croxen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00273","article-title":"Recent updates on outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and its potential reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1502","article-title":"Occurrence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other non-sorbitol-fermenting E. coli in cattle and humans in urban areas of Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Lupindu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00854-08","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from slaughtered animals in Bangladesh","volume":"74","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135344","article-title":"Enteric pathogens from water, hands, surface, soil, drainage ditch, and stream exposure points in a low-income neighborhood of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"709","author":"Bauza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru056","article-title":"Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Zambrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0568","article-title":"Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria","volume":"89","author":"Ngure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12611","article-title":"Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: a review","volume":"66","author":"Rukambile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006658","article-title":"Campylobacter, a zoonotic pathogen of global importance: prevalence and risk factors in the fast-evolving chicken meat system of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Carron","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30374-7","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Humphrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00006-8","article-title":"Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea","volume":"86","author":"Harvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","article-title":"Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008\u20132012: the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","author":"Delahoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B50","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007292","article-title":"The landscape of enteric pathogen exposure of young children in public domains of low-income, urban Kenya: the influence of exposure pathway and spatial range of play on multi-pathogen exposure risks","volume":"13","author":"Medgyesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis789","article-title":"Factors that explain excretion of enteric pathogens by persons without diarrhea","volume":"55","author":"Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020229","article-title":"Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters","volume":"4","author":"Kiulia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2782","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719579115","article-title":"Modeling environmentally mediated rotavirus transmission: the role of temperature and hydrologic factors","volume":"115","author":"Kraay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz140","article-title":"The impact of improved water, sanitation and hygiene on oral rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity in Zimbabwean infants: sub-study of a cluster-randomized trial","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002702","article-title":"Impact of rotavirus vaccination varies by level of access to piped water and sewerage: an analysis of childhood clinic visits for diarrhea in Peru, 2005\u20132015","volume":"39","author":"Delahoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0677","article-title":"Herd protection from drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions","volume":"95","author":"Fuller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023041913573549700_ciac918-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12441","article-title":"The joint effects of water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease: a multicountry analysis of the demographic and health surveys","volume":"20","author":"Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/76\/Supplement_1\/S140\/50031656\/ciac918.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/76\/Supplement_1\/S140\/50031656\/ciac918.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T13:59:10Z","timestamp":1681912750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/76\/Supplement_1\/S140\/7130323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac918","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}}}