{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:31:40Z","timestamp":1791919900392,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI069924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Grants and Cooperative Agreements","award":["U01AI069924-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924-09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_169967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_169967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004419","name":"US CRDF Global","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIV_DAA3-16-62705-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIV_DAA3-16-62705-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004419","name":"US CRDF Global","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["801076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"SNSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Old age is an important risk factor for developing cancer, but few data exist on this association in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The South African HIV Cancer Match study is a nationwide cohort of PWH based on a linkage between HIV-related laboratory records from the National Health Laboratory Service and cancer diagnoses from the National Cancer Registry for 2004\u20132014. We included PWH who had HIV-related tests on separate days. Using natural splines, we modeled cancer incidence rates as a function of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 5 222 827 PWH with 29 580 incident cancer diagnoses\u2014most commonly cervical cancer (n = 7418), Kaposi sarcoma (n = 6380), and breast cancer (n = 2748). In young PWH, the incidence rates for infection-related cancers were substantially higher than for infection-unrelated cancers. At age 40 years, the most frequent cancer was cervical cancer in female and Kaposi sarcoma in male PWH. Thereafter, the rates of infection-unrelated cancers increased steeply, particularly among male PWH, where prostate cancer became the most frequent cancer type at older age. Whereas Kaposi sarcoma rates peaked at 34 years (101\/100 000 person-years) in male PWH, cervical cancer remained the most frequent cancer among older female PWH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infection-related cancers are common in PWH in South Africa, but rates of infection-unrelated cancers overtook those of infection-related cancers after age 54 years in the overall study population. As PWH in South Africa live longer, prevention and early detection of infection-unrelated cancers becomes increasingly important. Meanwhile, control strategies for infection-related cancers, especially cervical cancer, remain essential.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T13:23:53Z","timestamp":1670073833000},"page":"1440-1448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Age and Cancer Incidence in 5.2 Million People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Yann","family":"Ruffieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazvita","family":"Muchengeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Olago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Dhokotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"},{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Allschwil , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bohlius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Allschwil , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Rohner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070503342330000_ciac925-B1"},{"key":"2023070503342330000_ciac925-B2","author":"Ervik"},{"key":"2023070503342330000_ciac925-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0721-1","article-title":"Cancer as a disease of old age: changing mutational and microenvironmental landscapes","volume":"122","author":"Laconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2023070503342330000_ciac925-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39950","article-title":"A generalized theory of age-dependent 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