{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:14:43Z","timestamp":1790662483298,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent girls and young women aged 15\u201224 years in sub-Saharan Africa are at disproportionate risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Given the known association between vaginal microbial dysbiosis and HIV susceptibility, we performed an age-stratified analysis of the vaginal microbiome in South African women and compared this to their risk of HIV acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaginal microbiome data were generated by mass spectrometry\u2013based proteomic analysis of cervicovaginal lavages collected from participants (n = 688) in the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) 004 trial. Participants were grouped by age (18\u201319 years, n = 93; 20\u201324 years, n = 326; 25\u201341 years, n = 269).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four microbiome types were identified based on predominant taxa, including Lactobacillus crispatus (CST-LC, 12.2%), Lactobacillus iners (CST-LI, 43.6%), Gardnerella vaginalis (CST-GV, 26.6%), or polymicrobial (CST-PM, 15.1%). Women aged 18\u201319 and 20\u201324 years had increased CST-PM and a non-Lactobacillus-dominant microbiome compared to those 25\u201341 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.14 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.12\u20137.87], P = .017; OR, 2.81 [95% CI, 1.07\u20137.09], P = .038, respectively; and OR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.02\u20132.65], P = .028; OR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.01\u20131.95], P = .030, respectively). The HIV incidence rate of women with CST-PM microbiome was 7.19-fold higher compared to women with CST-LC (hazard ratio [HR], 7.19 [95% CI, 2.11\u201324.5], P = .00162), which was also consistent in women aged 20\u201324 years (HR, 4.90 [95% CI, 1.10\u201321.9], P = .0375).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Younger women were more likely to have a higher-risk polymicrobial microbiome suggesting that vaginal microbiota are contributing to increased HIV-1 susceptibility in this group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT00441298.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:55:13Z","timestamp":1670817313000},"page":"1372-1381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Non-\n                    <i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    -Dominant and Polymicrobial Vaginal Microbiomes Are More Common in Younger South African Women and Predictive of Increased Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Yiran","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"No\u00ebl-Romas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Perner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infectious and Bloodborne Pathogens Section, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Center, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Knodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refilwe","family":"Molatlhegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hoger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzie","family":"Birse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina Farr","family":"Zuend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyle R","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam D","family":"Burgener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular, Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041720291165700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00006","article-title":"Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? 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