{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:07:15Z","timestamp":1791644835993,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"CDC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C11909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C11909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United States, influenza activity during the 2021\u20132022 season was modest and sufficient enough to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) for the first time since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We estimated influenza VE against laboratory-confirmed outpatient acute illness caused by predominant A(H3N2) viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between October 2021 and April 2022, research staff across 7 sites enrolled patients aged \u22656 months seeking outpatient care for acute respiratory illness with cough. Using a test-negative design, we assessed VE against influenza A(H3N2). Due to strong correlation between influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination, participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were excluded from VE estimations. Estimates were adjusted for site, age, month of illness, race\/ethnicity, and general health status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 6260 participants, 468 (7%) tested positive for influenza only, including 440 (94%) for A(H3N2). All 206 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses were characterized as belonging to genetic group 3C.2a1b subclade 2a.2, which has antigenic differences from the 2021\u20132022 season A(H3N2) vaccine component that belongs to clade 3C.2a1b subclade 2a.1. After excluding 1948 SARS-CoV-2\u2013positive patients, 4312 patients were included in analyses of influenza VE; 2463 (57%) were vaccinated against influenza. Effectiveness against A(H3N2) for all ages was 36% (95% confidence interval, 20%\u201349%) overall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza vaccination in 2021\u20132022 provided protection against influenza A(H3N2)-related outpatient visits among young persons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:55:21Z","timestamp":1670817321000},"page":"1358-1363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Related Illness in the United States During the 2021\u20132022 Influenza Season"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1480-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Keipp","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Hallie","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold S","family":"Monto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily T","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A","family":"Belongia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute , Wisconsin , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Q","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute , Wisconsin , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Texas A&M University College of Medicine , Temple, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manohar","family":"Mutnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Texas A&M University College of Medicine , Temple, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krissy Moehling","family":"Geffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pannsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Patricia","family":"Nowalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pannsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Y","family":"Tartof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California , Pasadena, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California , Pasadena, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Callie","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie R","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022418191592400_ciac941-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7110a1","article-title":"Interim estimates of 2021\u201322 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness\u2014United States, February 2022","volume":"71","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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