{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:34:34Z","timestamp":1792722874692,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009041","name":"National Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007566","name":"City","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report the yield of targeted universal tuberculosis (TB) testing of clinic attendees in high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinic attendees in primary healthcare facilities in South Africa with one of the following risk factors underwent sputum testing for TB: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), contact with a TB patient in the past year, and having had TB in the past 2 years. A single sample was collected for Xpert-Ultra (Xpert) and culture. We report the proportion positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Data were analyzed descriptively. The unadjusted clinical and demographic factors\u2019 relative risk of TB detected by culture or Xpert were calculated and concordance between Xpert and culture is described.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 30 513 participants had a TB test result. Median age was 39 years, and 11 553 (38%) were men. The majority (n = 21734, 71%) had HIV, 12 492 (41%) reported close contact with a TB patient, and 1573 (5%) reported prior TB. Overall, 8.3% were positive for M. tuberculosis by culture and\/or Xpert compared with 6.0% with trace-positive results excluded. In asymptomatic participants, the yield was 6.7% and 10.1% in symptomatic participants (with trace-positives excluded). Only 10% of trace-positive results were culture-positive. We found that 55% of clinic attendees with a sputum result positive for M. tuberculosis did not have a positive TB symptom screen.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A high proportion of clinic attendees with specific risk factors (HIV, close TB contact, history of TB) test positive for M. tuberculosis when universal testing is implemented.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T01:25:42Z","timestamp":1673141142000},"page":"1594-1603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Yield of Facility-based Targeted Universal Testing for Tuberculosis With Xpert and Mycobacterial Culture in High-Risk Groups Attending Primary Care Facilities in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca H","family":"Berhanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limakatso","family":"Lebina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Witwatersrand , Soweto , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bareng A S","family":"Nonyane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minja","family":"Milovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Witwatersrand , Soweto , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kinghorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Witwatersrand , Soweto , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Right to Care , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sipho","family":"Nyathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquity Innovations , Pretoria , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB HIV Care , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Hausler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB HIV Care , Cape Town , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria , Pretoria , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pren","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Management Consultant , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zameer","family":"Brey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation \u2013South Africa, Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Centre for TB Research, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leisha","family":"Genade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Witwatersrand , Soweto , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A","family":"Martinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of Witwatersrand , Soweto , South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for TB Research, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050318403861800_ciac965-B1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2022","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023050318403861800_ciac965-B2","volume-title":"The End-TB Strategy: global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 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