{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:24:38Z","timestamp":1791390278440,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1111236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1111236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1116751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1116751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the burden of Shigella spp from children aged 0\u201359 months with medically attended moderate-to-severe diarrhea and matched controls at sites in Mali, The Gambia, and Kenya participating in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study from 2015 to 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shigella spp were identified using coprocultures and serotyping in addition to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Episode-specific attributable fractions (AFe) for Shigella were calculated using Shigella DNA quantity; cases with AFe \u22650.5 were considered to have shigellosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of Shigella was determined to be 359 of 4840 (7.4%) cases and 83 of 6213 (1.3%) controls by culture, and 1641 of 4836 (33.9%) cases and 1084 of 4846 (22.4%) controls by qPCR (cycle threshold &amp;lt;35); shigellosis was higher in The Gambia (30.8%) than in Mali (9.3%) and Kenya (18.7%). Bloody diarrhea attributed to Shigella was more common in 24- to 59-month-old children (50.1%) than 0- to 11-month-old infants (39.5%). The Shigella flexneri serogroup predominated among cases (67.6% of isolates), followed by Shigella sonnei (18.2%), Shigella boydii (11.8%), and Shigella dysenteriae (2.3%). The most frequent S. flexneri serotypes were 2a (40.6%), 1b (18.8%), 6 (17.5%), 3a (9.0%), and 4a (5.1%). Drug-specific resistance among 353 (98.3%) Shigella cases with AMR data was as follows: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94.9%), ampicillin (48.4%), nalidixic acid (1.7%), ceftriaxone (0.3%), azithromycin (0.3%), and ciprofloxacin (0.0%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high prevalence of shigellosis continues in sub-Saharan Africa. Strains are highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics while remaining susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T09:49:47Z","timestamp":1671702587000},"page":"S66-S76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["<i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    in Africa: New Insights From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Irene N","family":"Kasumba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Badji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , The Gambia, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Jahangir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , The Gambia, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kenya, Kisumu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samba O","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali , Mali, Bamako"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R","family":"Verani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Platts-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Alain","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed M A","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , The Gambia, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasnehta","family":"Permala-Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamima","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Roose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Benjamin","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kenya, Kisumu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kenya, Kisumu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanogo","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali , Mali, Bamako"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joquina Chiquita M","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , The Gambia, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , The Gambia, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex O","family":"Awuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kenya, Kisumu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara E","family":"Sugerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company , Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Focht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company , Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 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M","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041913575699500_ciac969-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023041913575699500_ciac969-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic 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