{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:30:01Z","timestamp":1777915801013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Westat"},{"name":"KPNW Center for Health Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006733","name":"Indiana University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Westat"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011738","name":"Children's Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Westat"},{"name":"Westat"},{"name":"Westat"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination coverage remains lower in communities with higher social vulnerability. Factors such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure risk and access to healthcare are often correlated with social vulnerability and may therefore contribute to a relationship between vulnerability and observed vaccine effectiveness (VE). Understanding whether these factors impact VE could contribute to our understanding of real-world VE.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used electronic health record data from 7 health systems to assess vaccination coverage among patients with medically attended COVID-19-like illness. We then used a test-negative design to assess VE for 2- and 3-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) adult (\u226518 years) vaccine recipients across Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) quartiles. SVI rankings were determined by geocoding patient addresses to census tracts; rankings were grouped into quartiles for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In July 2021, primary series vaccination coverage was higher in the least vulnerable quartile than in the most vulnerable quartile (56% vs 36%, respectively). In February 2022, booster dose coverage among persons who had completed a primary series was higher in the least vulnerable quartile than in the most vulnerable quartile (43% vs 30%). VE among 2-dose and 3-dose recipients during the Delta and Omicron BA.1 periods of predominance was similar across SVI quartiles.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination coverage varied substantially by SVI. Differences in VE estimates by SVI were minimal across groups after adjusting for baseline patient factors. However, lower vaccination coverage among more socially vulnerable groups means that the burden of illness is still disproportionately borne by the most socially vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T04:50:15Z","timestamp":1673153415000},"page":"1615-1625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Relationships Between Social Vulnerability and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Coverage and Vaccine Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra F","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary A","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie S","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute , Indianapolis, Indiana , USA"},{"name":"Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Stenehjem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest , Portland, Oregon , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talia L","family":"Spark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-6215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ousseny","family":"Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research , Oakland, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Lazariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat , Rockville, Maryland , 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Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toan C","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malini B","family":"DeSilva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, HealthPartners Institute , Minneapolis, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Beaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3952-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple, Texas , 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