{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1790401578585,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2 DA049282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2 DA049282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37DA15612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37DA15612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since 2014, multiple outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among people who inject drugs have occurred across the United States along with hepatitis C virus (HCV), skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and infective endocarditis (IE), creating a converging public health crisis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed the temporal patterns of infectious disease and overdose using a hierarchical Bayesian distributed lag logistic regression model examining the probability that a given geographic area experienced at least 1 HIV case in a given month as a function of the counts\/rates of overdose, HCV, SSTI, and IE and associated medical procedures at different lagged time periods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current-month HIV is associated with increasing HCV cases, abscess incision and drainage, and SSTI cases, in distinct temporal patterns. For example, 1 additional HCV case occurring 5 and 7 months previously is associated with a 4% increase in the odds of observing at least 1 current-month HIV case in a given locale (odds ratios, 1.04 [90% credible interval {CrI}: 1.01\u20131.10] and 1.04 [90% CrI: 1.00\u20131.09]). No such associations were observed for echocardiograms, IE, or overdose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lagged associations in other infections preceding rises in current-month HIV counts cannot be described as predictive of HIV outbreaks but may point toward newly discovered epidemics of injection drug use and associated clinical sequalae, prompting clinicians to screen patients more carefully for substance use disorder and associated infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T22:17:31Z","timestamp":1675894651000},"page":"2134-2139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patterns of Infectious Disease Associated With Injection Drug Use in Massachusetts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg S","family":"Gonsalves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , USA"},{"name":"Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A David","family":"Paltiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven , Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thornhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , USA"},{"name":"Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Alfred","family":"DeMaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health , Boston , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cranston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health , Boston , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Monina","family":"Klevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health , Boston , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Modeling Unit, 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