{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:05:10Z","timestamp":1792001110680,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019573","name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centres","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Medical Centre Utrecht"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several studies have suggested that in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET\/CT) improves outcome. However, these studies often ignored possible immortal time bias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective multicenter cohort study in 2 university and 5 non-university hospitals, including all patients with SAB. [18F]FDG-PET\/CT was performed on clinical indication as part of usual care. Primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality. Effect of [18F]FDG-PET\/CT was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model using [18F]FDG-PET\/CT as a time-varying variable and corrected for confounders for mortality (age, Charlson score, positive follow-up cultures, septic shock, and endocarditis). Secondary outcome was 90-day infection-related mortality (assessed by adjudication committee) using the same analysis. In a subgroup-analysis, we determined the effect of [18F]FDG-PET\/CT in patients with high risk of metastatic infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 476 patients, 178 (37%) underwent [18F]FDG-PET\/CT. Day-90 all-cause mortality was 31% (147 patients), and infection-related mortality was 17% (83 patients). The confounder adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for all-cause mortality was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .34\u2013.74) in patients that underwent [18F]FDG-PET\/CT. Adjustment for immortal time bias changed the aHR to 1.00 (95% CI .68\u20131.48). Likewise, after correction for immortal time bias, [18F]FDG-PET\/CT had no effect on infection-related mortality (cause specific aHR 1.30 [95% CI .77\u20132.21]), on all-cause mortality in patients with high-risk SAB (aHR 1.07 (95% CI .63\u20131.83) or on infection-related mortality in high-risk SAB (aHR for 1.24 [95% CI .67\u20132.28]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After adjustment for immortal time bias [18F]FDG-PET\/CT was not associated with day-90 all-cause or infection-related mortality in patients with SAB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T22:23:09Z","timestamp":1677709389000},"page":"9-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Positive Impact of [18F]FDG-PET\/CT on Mortality in Patients With <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> Bacteremia Explained by Immortal Time Bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W","family":"van der Vaart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis H","family":"van Werkhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs","family":"ten Doesschate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Soetekouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis , Haarlem ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitte","family":"van Twillert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep , Alkmaar ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Veenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG) , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn L","family":"Herpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland , Haarlem ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Rozemeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep , Alkmaar ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogier R","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, OLVG , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J M","family":"Bonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan T M","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411415367500_ciad112-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127385","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and endocarditis\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Le 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