{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:47:37Z","timestamp":1785034057794,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015521","name":"Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The World Health Organization recommends vaccines for prevention and control of typhoid fever, especially where antimicrobial-resistant typhoid circulates. In 2018, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) implemented a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) campaign. The campaign targeted all children aged 9 months through 14 years within NMMC boundaries (approximately 320 000 children) over 2 vaccination phases. The phase 1 campaign occurred from 14 July 2018 through 25 August 2018 (71% coverage, approximately 113 420 children). We evaluated the phase 1 campaign's programmatic effectiveness in reducing typhoid cases at the community level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We established prospective, blood culture\u2013based surveillance at 6 hospitals in Navi Mumbai and offered blood cultures to children who presented with fever \u22653 days. We used a cluster-randomized (by administrative boundary) test-negative design to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign on pediatric typhoid cases. We matched test-positive, culture-confirmed typhoid cases with up to 3 test-negative, culture-negative controls by age and date of blood culture and assessed community vaccine campaign phase as an exposure using conditional logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1 September 2018 and 31 March 2021, we identified 81 typhoid cases and matched these with 238 controls. Cases were 0.44 times as likely to live in vaccine campaign communities (programmatic effectiveness, 56%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25% to 74%; P = .002). Cases aged \u22655 years were 0.37 times as likely (95% CI, .19 to .70; P = .002) and cases during the first year of surveillance were 0.30 times as likely (95% CI, .14 to .64; P = .002) to live in vaccine campaign communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support the use of TCV mass vaccination campaigns as effective population-based tools to combat typhoid fever.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T20:16:44Z","timestamp":1679429804000},"page":"138-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Programmatic Effectiveness of a Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7881-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth A","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"LeBoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmira","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization-Country Office for India , National Public Health Surveillance Project, New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Shimpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization-Country Office for India , National Public Health Surveillance Project, New Delhi ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control 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,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeetendra","family":"Gavhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MGM New Bombay Hospital , MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Joshi's Central Clinical Microbiology Laboratory , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajmata Jijau Hospital, Airoli (NMMC) , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keertana","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divyalatha S","family":"Warrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mathadi Trust Hospital , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, MGM New Bombay Hospital , Navi Mumbai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debjit","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research , Kolkata ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization South-East Asia Regional Office , New Delhi 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