{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1776960154667,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#75D30118C02925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#75D30118C02925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#1NU3HCK0000012-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1NU3HCK0000012-01-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1211947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1211947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1220907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1220907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Millenium Science Initiative Program","award":["#NCN12_059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NCN12_059"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["EQM150093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM150093"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["EQM190110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM190110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, heavily impacting low- and middle-income countries. This study estimated antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative bacteria (GNB) fecal colonization prevalence in hospitalized and community-dwelling adults in Chile before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From December 2018 to May 2019, we enrolled hospitalized adults in 4 public hospitals and community dwellers from central Chile, who provided fecal specimens and epidemiological information. Samples were plated onto MacConkey agar with ciprofloxacin or ceftazidime added. All recovered morphotypes were identified and characterized according to the following phenotypes: fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQR), extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESCR), carbapenem-resistant (CR), or multidrug-resistant (MDR; as per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria) GNB. Categories were not mutually exclusive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 775 hospitalized adults and 357 community dwellers were enrolled. Among hospitalized subjects, the prevalence of colonization with FQR, ESCR, CR, or MDR-GNB was 46.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.9\u201350.0), 41.2% (95% CI, 37.7\u201344.6), 14.5% (95% CI, 12.0\u201316.9), and 26.3% (95% CI, 23.2\u201329.4). In the community, the prevalence of FQR, ESCR, CR, and MDR-GNB colonization was 39.5% (95% CI, 34.4\u201344.6), 28.9% (95% CI, 24.2\u201333.6), 5.6% (95% CI, 3.2\u20138.0), and 4.8% (95% CI, 2.6\u20137.0), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A high burden of antimicrobial-resistant GNB colonization was observed in this sample of hospitalized and community-dwelling adults, suggesting that the community is a relevant source of antibiotic resistance. Efforts are needed to understand the relatedness between resistant strains circulating in the community and hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1688585923000},"page":"S75-S81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["High Burden of Intestinal Colonization With Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Chile: An Antibiotic Resistance in Communities and Hospitals (ARCH) Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Araos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Styczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Sociolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Control y Prevenci\u00f3n del C\u00e1ncer (CECAN) FONDAP 152220002 , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Maureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Spencer-Sandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dino","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loreto Rojas","family":"Wettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Puerto Montt, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Rioseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Puerto Montt, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Usedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela Rojas","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Padre Hurtado , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Andrea","family":"Huidobro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Precl\u00ednicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule , Talca , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catterina","family":"Ferreccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Undurraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program, CIFAR , Toronto , Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika M C","family":"D\u2019Agata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Matem\u00e1ticas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose M","family":"Munita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias e Innovaci\u00f3n en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R) , Santiago , 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