{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:42:39Z","timestamp":1792424559302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Encephalitis is a devastating neurologic disease often complicated by prolonged neurologic deficits. Best practices for the management of adult patients include universal testing for a core group of etiologies, including herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, varicella zoster virus (VZV), enteroviruses, West Nile virus, and anti\u2013N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) antibody encephalitis. Empiric acyclovir therapy should be started at presentation and in selected cases continued until a second HSV-1 polymerase chain reaction test is negative. Acyclovir dose can be increased for VZV encephalitis. Supportive care is necessary for other viral etiologies. Patients in whom no cause for encephalitis is identified represent a particular challenge. Management includes repeat brain magnetic resonance imaging, imaging for occult malignancy, and empiric immunomodulatory treatment for autoimmune conditions. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) or brain biopsy should be considered. The rapid pace of discovery regarding autoimmune encephalitis and the development of advanced molecular tests such as NGS have improved diagnosis and outcomes. Research priorities include development of novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T09:23:12Z","timestamp":1685006592000},"page":"e14-e33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["State of the Art: Acute Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Karen C","family":"Bloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000086","article-title":"Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1998\u20132010","volume":"82","author":"Vora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104169","article-title":"Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4152","article-title":"Burden of neurological disorders across the US from 1990\u20132017: a global burden of disease study","volume":"78","author":"Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","article-title":"The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"47","author":"Tunkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","article-title":"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium","volume":"57","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab148","article-title":"COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian Hospital","volume":"144","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2543","article-title":"Infectious and autoimmune causes of encephalitis in children","volume":"145","author":"Erickson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz635","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of encephalitis in older adults","volume":"70","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.02.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of infectious encephalitis causes in 2016","volume":"47","author":"Boucher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1086\/509330","article-title":"Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis","volume":"43","author":"Glaser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150295","article-title":"Encephalitis surveillance through the emerging infections program, 1997\u20132010","volume":"21","author":"Bloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.11.007","article-title":"Changing profile of encephalitis: results of a 4-year study in France","volume":"52","author":"Mailles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz685","article-title":"Causes and clinical features of childhood encephalitis: a multicenter, prospective cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Britton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1038","article-title":"The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project","volume":"54","author":"Gable","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8516-x","article-title":"Burden of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the United States","volume":"264","author":"Modi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.5.596","article-title":"Neurological complications of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection","volume":"65","author":"Berger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30308-1","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection presenting as stroke-like symptoms with atypical MRI findings","volume":"19","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B19","first-page":"e2067","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: atypical presentation as a right middle cerebral artery stroke","volume":"10","author":"Shoaib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1181-6","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy for herpes simplex encephalitis complicated by frank intracerebral hemorrhage: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Byun","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1494","article-title":"A 12-year prospective study of childhood herpes simplex encephalitis: is there a broader spectrum of disease?","volume":"119","author":"Elbers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70550-3","article-title":"Expanded spectrum of herpes simplex encephalitis in childhood","volume":"126","author":"Schlesinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13326","article-title":"Atypical imaging presentation of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in paediatric immunocompromised oncology patients","volume":"66","author":"Kapadia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182752ceb","article-title":"Atypical manifestations and poor outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in the immunocompromised","volume":"79","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-021-01018-3","article-title":"Herpes simplex encephalitis in patients receiving chemotherapy and whole-brain radiation therapy","volume":"27","author":"Hersh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.FOCUS19281","article-title":"Herpes simplex reactivation following neurosurgery: case report and review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0433-7","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"13","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114328","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14328","article-title":"Assessment of magnetic resonance imaging changes and functional outcomes among adults with severe herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"4","author":"Sarton","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01650104","article-title":"Factors indicative of outcome in a comparative trial of acyclovir and vidarabine for biopsy-proven herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Whitley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02735.x","article-title":"Factors associated with delay to acyclovir administration in 184 patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Poissy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.014","article-title":"Central nervous system complications of varicella-zoster virus","volume":"165","author":"Science","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq066","article-title":"Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine","volume":"203","author":"Pahud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02381-21","article-title":"Vaccine strain and wild-type clades of varicella-zoster virus in central nervous system and non-CNS disease, New York State, 2004\u20132019","volume":"60","author":"Bryant","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.06.004","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infections of the central nervous system\u2014prognosis, diagnostics and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Grahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110609","article-title":"Clinical features of varicella-zoster virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000647","article-title":"Central nervous system infections produced by varicella zoster virus","volume":"33","author":"Nagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7001a1","article-title":"Surveillance for West Nile virus disease\u2014United States, 2009\u20132018","volume":"70","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000195890.70898.1f","article-title":"CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis","volume":"66","author":"Tyler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822000887","article-title":"Comorbid conditions as risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study","volume":"150","author":"Sutinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1007043","article-title":"Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and disease in populations and individuals","volume":"13","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.190537","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of high-titered immunoglobulin in patients with West Nile virus central nervous system disease","volume":"25","author":"Gnann JW","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1086\/592988","article-title":"Enterovirus-associated encephalitis in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998\u20132005","volume":"198","author":"Fowlkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.002","article-title":"Characteristics and therapy of enteroviral encephalitis: case report and systematic literature review","volume":"113","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1086\/521895","article-title":"Outbreak of neurologic enterovirus type 71 disease: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"45","author":"P\u00e9rez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.17275","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis of unknown etiology in California, 2012\u20132015","volume":"314","author":"Van Haren","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70093-9","article-title":"A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012\u201314): a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Greninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.01.008","article-title":"Recommendations for enterovirus diagnostics and characterisation within and beyond Europe","volume":"101","author":"Harvala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7149a2","article-title":"Human rabies\u2014Texas, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Blackburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000936","article-title":"Emerging infectious encephalitides","volume":"34","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1914328","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus\u2014another emergent arbovirus in the United States","volume":"381","author":"Morens","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.03.003","article-title":"Powassan virus encephalitis","volume":"36","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa392","article-title":"Powassan virus neuropathology and genomic diversity in patients with fatal encephalitis","volume":"7","author":"Normandin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415627","article-title":"A variegated squirrel bornavirus associated with fatal human encephalitis","volume":"373","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1902752","article-title":"Introduction and spread of variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) between exotic squirrels and spill-over infections to humans in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Cadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7115a1","article-title":"Translocation of an anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) infected with rabies from Virginia to Tennessee resulting in multiple human exposures, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Grome","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01875-17","article-title":"Nipah virus infection","volume":"56","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151747","article-title":"Nipah virus transmission from bats to humans associated with drinking traditional liquor made from date palm sap, Bangladesh, 2011\u20132014","volume":"22","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141433","article-title":"Outbreak of henipavirus infection, Philippines, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Ching","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.202119","article-title":"Geographic range of recreational water-associated primary amebic meningoencephalitis, United States, 1978\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"Gharpure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.008","article-title":"Is Naegleria fowleri an emerging parasite?","volume":"36","author":"Maciver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151939","article-title":"Baylisascaris procyonis-associated meningoencephalitis in a previously healthy adult, California, USA","volume":"22","author":"Langelier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6817e1","article-title":"Increase in measles cases\u2014United States, January 1\u2013April 26, 2019","volume":"68","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2021.07.006","article-title":"A recent surge of fulminant and early onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in the United Kingdom: an emergence in a time of measles","volume":"34","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00313-20","article-title":"Pathogen or bystander: clinical significance of detecting human herpesvirus 6 in pediatric cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"58","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1086\/320748","article-title":"Acute childhood encephalitis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Bitnun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0240","article-title":"Pediatric encephalitis: what is the role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?","volume":"120","author":"Christie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz690","article-title":"Encephalitis: a global problem deserving of a global approach","volume":"70","author":"Glaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271717","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated encephalitis in childhood\u2013nervous system disorder during or after a respiratory tract infection","volume":"223","author":"Sauteur PM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ473","article-title":"Neurological complications of PCR-proven M. pneumoniae infections in children: prodromal illness duration may reflect pathogenetic mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Al-Zaidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac069","article-title":"Severe influenza-associated neurological disease in Australian children: seasonal population-based surveillance 2008\u20132018","volume":"11","author":"Donnelley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e582","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002750","article-title":"Mortality and neurologic sequelae in influenza-associated encephalopathy: retrospective multicenter PICU cohort in France","volume":"22","author":"Cleuziou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy923","article-title":"Transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus from an organ donor to 3 transplant recipients","volume":"69","author":"Pouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000024","article-title":"Donor-derived West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: report of four additional cases and review of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features","volume":"97","author":"Winston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw422","article-title":"Transmission of Balamuthia mandrillaris by organ transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Farnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161580","article-title":"Three cases of neurologic syndrome caused by donor-derived microsporidiosis","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3112-y","article-title":"Transmission of rabies through solid organ transplantation: a notable problem in China","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13547","article-title":"Donor-derived infections: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Wolfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.12.035","article-title":"Diagnostic tools to tackle infectious causes of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent adults in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Schibler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24016","article-title":"Phylogenetic and epidemiologic evidence of multiyear incubation in human rabies","volume":"75","author":"Boland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-mediated encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1294","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac711","article-title":"Development and validation of a risk score to differentiate viral and autoimmune encephalitis in adults","volume":"76","author":"Granillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51608","article-title":"Determining an infectious or autoimmune etiology in encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050","article-title":"Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma","volume":"61","author":"Dalmau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0196-8","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis in the ICU: analysis of phenotypes, serologic findings, and outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1","article-title":"Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Titulaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","article-title":"Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Armangue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307","article-title":"Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis","volume":"69","author":"Irani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26189","article-title":"Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 versus contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody neuropathic pain: clinical and biological comparisons","volume":"90","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70324-2","article-title":"Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen","volume":"9","author":"Lancaster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32526-1","article-title":"Acute encephalitis in immunocompetent adults","volume":"393","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.11.045","article-title":"Causal relationship between immunological responses and adverse reactions following vaccination","volume":"37","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693152","article-title":"Diagnostic considerations in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the interface with MOG antibody","volume":"50","author":"Santoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26549","article-title":"Cerebral cortical encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"93","author":"Valencia-Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.014","article-title":"Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults\u2014Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Solomon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.01.005","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of infectious encephalitis in adults","volume":"47","author":"Stahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12749","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"45","author":"Britton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104369","article-title":"Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Samannodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1086\/509581","article-title":"Assessment of the utility of viral culture of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"43","author":"Polage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz776","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis due to spotted fever rickettsioses, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever","volume":"71","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B101","first-page":"764","article-title":"Detection of West Nile virus (WNV)-specific immunoglobulin M in a reference laboratory setting during the 2002 WNV season in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Prince","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020531","article-title":"Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin m antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases","volume":"9","author":"Roehrig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.01.014","article-title":"Seronegative West Nile virus infection in a patient treated with rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"130","author":"Goates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14058","article-title":"Acute West Nile virus meningoencephalitis diagnosed via metagenomic deep sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid in a renal transplant patient","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70134-6","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Gilden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02559-16","article-title":"Impact of a rapid herpes simplex virus PCR assay on duration of acyclovir therapy","volume":"55","author":"Van","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081028","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of a meningitis\/encephalitis panel on hospital length of stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hueth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210051101","article-title":"Pediatric Epstein-Barr virus-associated encephalitis: 10-year review","volume":"21","author":"Doja","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1086\/426402","article-title":"Dual infections of the central nervous system with Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"191","author":"Weinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.06.004","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rapid one-step PCR assays for detection of herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 in cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Vaugon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101275","article-title":"Biofire FilmArray meningitis\/encephalitis panel for the aetiological diagnosis of central nervous system infections: a systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trujillo-G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060282","article-title":"Impact of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay on the clinical management of adults undergoing a lumbar puncture for suspected community-onset central nervous system infections","volume":"9","author":"Moffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/339550","article-title":"Patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: rethinking an initial negative polymerase chain reaction result","volume":"34","author":"Weil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e643-e8","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005485","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus encephalitis with initial negative polymerase chain reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid: prevalence, associated factors, and clinical impact","volume":"50","author":"de Montmollin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.02.004","article-title":"Infectious encephalitis: management without etiological diagnosis 48 hours after onset","volume":"47","author":"Fillatre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-022-00255-8","article-title":"Herpesvirus-associated encephalitis: an update","volume":"9","author":"Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401268","article-title":"Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing","volume":"370","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1320","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac566","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Cache Valley virus infection in a kidney transplant recipient with meningoencephalitis","volume":"76","author":"Al-Heeti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203448","article-title":"Fatal case of chronic Jamestown Canyon virus encephalitis diagnosed by metagenomic sequencing in patient receiving rituximab","volume":"27","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803396","article-title":"Clinical metagenomic sequencing for diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis","volume":"380","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73156-3","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis: sensitivity and clinical limitations","volume":"10","author":"Perlejewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: international MOGAD panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002494","article-title":"Stop testing for autoantibodies to the VGKC-complex: only request LGI1 and CASPR2","volume":"20","author":"Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2376","article-title":"Encephalitis of unclear origin diagnosed by brain biopsy: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"72","author":"Gelfand","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.05.029","article-title":"Neurological diseases of unknown etiology: brain-biopsy diagnostic yields and safety","volume":"80","author":"Mathon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e432","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1093","article-title":"Encephalitis of unknown etiology? Not until the results of a brain biopsy!","volume":"72","author":"Mathon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2021.12.002","article-title":"Intensive care management of patients with viral encephalitis","volume":"178","author":"Sonneville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000980","article-title":"Critical care management of meningitis and encephalitis: an update","volume":"28","author":"Thy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a2cc6d","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in acute encephalitis","volume":"81","author":"Thakur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa598","article-title":"A prospective cohort study to identify clinical, biological, and imaging features that predict the etiology of acute encephalitis","volume":"73","author":"Le Mar\u00e9chal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100015390","article-title":"Delays in initiation of acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"39","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30521-7","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Charlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007469","article-title":"Rickettsial infections of the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Sekeyov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.001","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis with encephalitis; a systematic literature review and a Scandinavian cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Knudtzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005162","article-title":"Ehrlichiosis presenting as severe sepsis and meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent adult","volume":"5","author":"Buzzard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0540","article-title":"Increasing incidence of ehrlichiosis in the United States: a summary of national surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii infections in the United States, 2008\u20132012","volume":"94","author":"Nichols Heitman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050043","article-title":"Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona","volume":"353","author":"Demma","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6502a1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis\u2014United States","volume":"65","author":"Biggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.015","article-title":"No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever","volume":"166","author":"Todd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000492053","article-title":"A fatal case of herpes simplex encephalitis with two false-negative polymerase chain reactions","volume":"10","author":"Mendez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04247","article-title":"Third time's a charm: diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis after two negative polymerase chain reaction results","volume":"6","author":"Niksefat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B142","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-negative herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis in a 62-year-old woman with p-ANCA vasculitis","volume":"14","author":"Rajmohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B143","article-title":"An unusual presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis with negative PCR","volume":"2015","author":"Buerger","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874420943031","article-title":"Twice negative PCR in a patient with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B145","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Use of clinical and neuroimaging characteristics to distinguish temporal lobe herpes simplex encephalitis from its mimics","volume":"60","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.01.006","article-title":"Management of adult infectious encephalitis in metropolitan France","volume":"47","author":"Goulenok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.04.002","article-title":"Survey of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in The Netherlands: prevalence and characterization","volume":"32","author":"Str\u00e1nsk\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0489-5","article-title":"Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex virus type I encephalitis: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Bergmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21979","article-title":"Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"67","author":"Schulte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.10.025","article-title":"Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex encephalitis in a patient treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"59","author":"Schepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10398-9","article-title":"Adjunctive steroids in adults with encephalitis: a propensity score analysis","volume":"268","author":"Allana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00105-19","article-title":"Immunomodulatory strategies in herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Piret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041808","article-title":"Protocol for DexEnceph: a randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"11","author":"Whitfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325300","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management","volume":"92","author":"Abboud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00943-z","article-title":"Treatment options in refractory autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"36","author":"Dinoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-015928","article-title":"Systematic review of rehabilitation intervention outcomes of adult and paediatric patients with infectious encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Christie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024021012503047300_ciad306-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.21133","article-title":"Changes in function and muscle strength of encephalitis survivors after inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad306\/50943824\/ciad306.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/77\/5\/e14\/56647561\/ciad306.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/77\/5\/e14\/56647561\/ciad306.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T07:51:44Z","timestamp":1707551504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/77\/5\/e14\/7229814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad306","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]}}}