{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:01:18Z","timestamp":1784865678356,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007037","name":"Danish Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outpaces monovalent vaccine cross-protection to new viral variants. Consequently, bivalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines including Omicron antigens were developed. The contrasting immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccines and the impact of prior antigenic exposure on new immune imprinting remains to be clarified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the large prospective ENFORCE cohort, we quantified spike-specific antibodies to 5 Omicron variants (BA.1 to BA.5) before and after BA.1 or BA.4\/5 bivalent booster vaccination to compare Omicron variant-specific antibody inductions. We evaluated the impact of previous infection and characterized the dominant antibody responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior to the bivalent fourth vaccine, all participants (N = 1697) had high levels of Omicron-specific antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher in individuals with a previous polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR+) infection, particularly for BA.2-specific antibodies (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 6.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.05\u20137.62). Antibody levels were further significantly boosted in all individuals by receiving either of the bivalent vaccines, but greater fold inductions to all Omicron variants were observed in individuals with no prior infection. The BA.1 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.1 (adjusted GMR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09\u20131.57) and BA.3 (1.32, 1.09\u20131.59) antigens in individuals with no prior infection, whereas the BA.4\/5 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.2 (0.87, 0.76\u20130.98), BA.4 (0.85, 0.75\u20130.97), and BA.5 (0.87, 0.76\u20130.99) antigens in individuals with a prior infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaccination and previous infection leave a clear serological imprint that is focused on the variant-specific antigen. Importantly, both bivalent vaccines induce high levels of Omicron variant-specific antibodies, suggesting broad cross-protection of Omicron variants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T13:20:04Z","timestamp":1688044804000},"page":"1511-1520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Omicron Variant-Specific Serological Imprinting Following BA.1 or BA.4\/5 Bivalent Vaccination and Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva A M","family":"Baerends","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Reekie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe R","family":"Andreasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina B","family":"St\u00e6rke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorthe","family":"Raben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine T","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isik S","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan O","family":"Lindvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone W","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2719-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette B","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre , Hvidovre , Denmark"},{"name":"Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper K","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Herlev Hospital , Herlev , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrikke D","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidsel D","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K","family":"Juhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa L","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid K","family":"Hvidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisse R","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyra G","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole S","family":"S\u00f8gaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tolstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021012513321200_ciad402-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.046","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"185","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024021012513321200_ciad402-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04388-0","article-title":"Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of 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