{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:07:36Z","timestamp":1740128856793,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite more than a century of research on the link between infection and chronic diseases, we again find ourselves flummoxed by a new pathogen that causes long-term impairment. Patients have reported being ignored or minimized, resources are lacking for diagnosis and treatment, and frustrated individuals are turning outside of the scientific profession for answers. The experience mirrors that of American Society for Microbiology past president Alice C. Evans. Accidentally infected with Brucella melitensis during her laboratory research, Evans was chronically ill for more than 20 years, during which time friends, colleagues, and physicians cast doubt on her illness. As a result, she argued passionately for improved diagnostics and for those who reported chronic infection to be taken seriously rather than presumed to be \u201cmalingering\u201d or using their illness for financial benefit. Lessons from Evans\u2019 experience are useful as we work toward understanding long COVID and patients suffering from the condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T11:46:56Z","timestamp":1689680816000},"page":"1644-1647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long COVID: Alice Evans, Brucellosis, and Reflections on Infectious Causes of Chronic Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara C","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B1","first-page":"942","article-title":"Chronic brucellosis: the unreliability of diagnostic tests","volume":"16","author":"Evans","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Syphilis\u2014its early history and treatment until penicillin and the debate on its origins","volume":"20","author":"Frith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mil Veterans Health"},{"volume-title":"Schistosomiasis.","year":"2022","author":"Lackey","key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B3"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20210221-01","article-title":"Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the United States","volume":"50","author":"de Loizaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30588","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer: one cause, two diseases","volume":"123","author":"Berman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5765-6_2","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus\u2013associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"1018","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000601","article-title":"Update on oncogenesis and therapy for Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"32","author":"Dupin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.109","article-title":"EBV and human cancer","volume":"47","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7121e1","article-title":"Post-COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18\u201364 and \u226565 years\u2014United States, March 2020\u2013November 2021","volume":"71","author":"Bull-Otterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01840-0","article-title":"Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"28","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1568545","article-title":"A review of the immunopathogenesis of brucellosis","volume":"51","author":"Amjadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B14","first-page":"161","article-title":"Note on the discovery of a micro-organism in Malta fever","volume":"39","author":"Bruce","year":"1887","journal-title":"The Practitioner"},{"key":"2024021012511178700_ciad427-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/22.6.580","article-title":"Further studies on Bacterium abortus and related bacteria II. 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