{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:07:33Z","timestamp":1793203653216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Solutions for bone and joint infection (BJI) are needed where conventional treatments are inadequate. Bacteriophages (phages) are naturally occurring viruses that infect bacteria and have been harnessed for refractory bone and joint infections (BJI) in many case reports. Here we examine the safety and efficacy of English-language published cases of BJI since 2010 with phage therapy. From 33 reported cases of BJI treated with phage therapy, 29 (87%) achieved microbiological or clinical success, 2 (5.9%) relapsed with the same organisms, and 2 (5.9%) with a different organism. Of these 4 relapses, all but 1 had eventual clinical resolution with additional surgery or phage treatments. Eight out of 33 cases (24%) reported mild, transient adverse events with no serious events reported. Further work is needed to understand the true efficacy of phages and the role of phages in BJI. Opportunities lay ahead for thoughtfully designed clinical trials adapted to individualized therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T02:27:55Z","timestamp":1699324075000},"page":"S407-S415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Phage Therapy as a Novel Therapeutic for the Treatment of Bone and Joint Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Gina A","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Ferry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hospital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P","family":"Abdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B1","volume-title":"Bacteriophages: biology and applications","author":"Kutter","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207121","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02071-21","article-title":"Considerations for the use of phage therapy in clinical practice","volume":"66","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B3","first-page":"569","article-title":"Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981\u20131986","volume":"35","author":"Slopek","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2174\/156720181303160520193946","article-title":"Bacteriophages as therapeutic and prophylactic means: summary of the Soviet and post Soviet experiences","volume":"13","author":"Chanishvili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00612-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Uyttebroek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110795","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of phage therapy for bone and joint infections: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.6.210073","article-title":"A systematic review of phage therapy applied to bone and joint infections: an analysis of success rates, treatment modalities and safety","volume":"6","author":"Geneviere","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010018","article-title":"Clinical indications and compassionate use of phage therapy: personal experience and literature review with a focus on osteoarticular infections","volume":"11","author":"Patey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071268","article-title":"The safety and toxicity of phage therapy: a review of animal and clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020499","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of phage-antibiotic combination treatment in adult patients with periprosthetic hip joint infection","volume":"15","author":"Fedorov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101898","article-title":"A case of in situ phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in a bone allograft polymicrobial biofilm infection: outcomes and phage-antibiotic interactions","volume":"13","author":"Van Nieuwenhuyse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz222","article-title":"Successful treatment of antibiotic-resistant, poly-microbial bone infection with bacteriophages and antibiotics combination","volume":"69","author":"Nir-Paz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100891","article-title":"Bacteriophage application for difficult-to-treat musculoskeletal infections: development of a standardized multidisciplinary treatment protocol","volume":"11","author":"Onsea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky263","article-title":"Innovations for the treatment of a complex bone and joint infection due to XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa including local application of a selected cocktail of bacteriophages","volume":"73","author":"Ferry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob 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consortia for treatment of intestinal inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Federici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07278-6","article-title":"Bacteriophages as potential new mammalian pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Tetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa389","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa389","article-title":"Lessons learned from the first 10 consecutive cases of intravenous bacteriophage therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections at a single center in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B42"},{"key":"2023110702273569400_ciad533-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840165","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.840165","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic assessment of staphylococcal phage K following parenteral and intra-articular administration in rabbits","volume":"13","author":"Totten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious 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