{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:27:09Z","timestamp":1785493629618,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"T2Biosystems"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is associated with metastatic infection and adverse outcomes, whereas gram-negative bacteremia is normally transient and shorter course therapy is increasingly advocated for affected patients. Whether the prolonged detection of pathogen DNA in blood by culture-independent systems could have prognostic value and guide management decisions is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study on 102 patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) to compare time to bloodstream clearance according to T2 magnetic resonance and blood cultures over a 4-day follow-up. We also explored the association between duration of detectable pathogens according to T2 magnetic resonance (magnetic resonance\u2013DNAemia [MR-DNAemia]) and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Time to bloodstream clearance according to T2 magnetic resonance was significantly longer than blood culture clearance (HR, .54; 95% CI, .39\u2013.75) and did not differ according to the causative pathogen (P = .5). Each additional day of MR-DNAemia increased the odds of persistent infection (defined as metastatic infection or delayed source control) both in the overall population (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.45\u20132.70) and in S. aureus (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.12\u20133.29) and gram-negative bacteremia (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.35\u20133.60). MR-DNAemia duration was also associated with no improvement in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at day 7 from infection onset (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.21\u20132.56).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T2 magnetic resonance may help diagnose BSI in patients on antimicrobials with negative blood cultures as well as to identify patients with metastatic infection, source control failure, or adverse short-term outcome. Future studies may inform its usefulness within the setting of antimicrobial stewardship programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T19:48:57Z","timestamp":1698436137000},"page":"283-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Persistence of Detectable Pathogens by Culture-Independent Systems (T2 Magnetic Resonance) in Patients With Bloodstream Infection: Prognostic Role and Possible Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Peri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Caboolture Hospital , Caboolture, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herston Infectious Diseases Institute , Herston, Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Brischetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Parkes-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Eustace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Tabah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Redcliffe Hospital , Redcliffe, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Chatfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick N A","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"},{"name":"Herston Infectious Diseases Institute , Herston, Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"},{"name":"Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"},{"name":"ADVANCE-ID, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.17.2066","article-title":"Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"163","author":"Fowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540500372846","article-title":"Persistence in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: incidence, characteristics of patients and outcome","volume":"38","author":"Khatib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz112","article-title":"Changing characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: results from a 21-year, prospective, longitudinal study","volume":"69","author":"Souli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30447-3","article-title":"Defining persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Kuehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616524","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.616524","article-title":"Management of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections","volume":"7","author":"Kimmig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1054","article-title":"Seven versus 14 days of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated gram-negative bacteremia: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Yahav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.001","article-title":"Seven-versus 14-day course of antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections by Enterobacterales: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1020-5","article-title":"Optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy for uncomplicated gram-negative bloodstream infections","volume":"45","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2232576","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.32576","article-title":"Association of follow-up blood cultures with mortality in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Thaden","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.02.024","article-title":"Impact on clinical outcome of follow-up blood cultures and risk factors for persistent bacteraemia in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infections: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Gatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.05.007","article-title":"Diagnosis of bloodstream infections from positive blood cultures and directly from blood samples: recent developments in molecular approaches","volume":"24","author":"Peker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.039","article-title":"Culture-independent detection systems for bloodstream infection","volume":"28","author":"Peri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182ra54","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005377","article-title":"T2 magnetic resonance enables nanoparticle-mediated rapid detection of candidemia in whole blood","volume":"5","author":"Neely","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1095","article-title":"Detecting Infections Rapidly and Easily for Candidemia Trial, part 2 (DIRECT2): a prospective, multicenter study of the T2Candida panel","volume":"66","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-2772","article-title":"Performance of the T2Bacteria panel for diagnosing bloodstream infections: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"170","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/313753","article-title":"Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2010.40","article-title":"A modified sequential organ failure assessment score for critical care triage","volume":"4","author":"Grissom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.10.011","article-title":"Measuring patient-centered long-term outcome following a bloodstream infection: a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"McNamara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B23","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab742","article-title":"Microbial cell-free DNA identifies etiology of bloodstream infections, persists longer than conventional blood cultures, and its duration of detection is associated with metastatic infection in patients with Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteremia","volume":"74","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1622-z","article-title":"Sending repeat cultures: is there a role in the management of bacteremic episodes? (SCRIBE study)","volume":"16","author":"Wiggers","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6348","article-title":"Effect of C-reactive protein-guided antibiotic treatment duration, 7-day treatment, or 14-day treatment on 30-day clinical failure rate in patients with uncomplicated gram-negative bacteremia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"323","author":"von Dach","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024021719313523800_ciad663-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab434","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab434","article-title":"Optimizing the management of uncomplicated gram-negative bloodstream infections: consensus guidance using a modified Delphi process","volume":"8","author":"Heil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad663\/53629669\/ciad663.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/283\/56697744\/ciad663.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/283\/56697744\/ciad663.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T19:31:56Z","timestamp":1708198316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/78\/2\/283\/7331279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad663","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}