{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:50:21Z","timestamp":1790153421750,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008561","name":"Burnet Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A barrier to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure is conventional testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HCV antibody and RNA point-of-care testing (POCT) on testing rates, linkage to care, treatment, and acceptability of testing in 3 priority settings in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were enrolled in an interventional cohort study at a reception prison, inpatient mental health service, and inpatient alcohol and other drug unit, between October 2020 and December 2021. HCV POCT was performed using SD Bioline HCV antibody fingerstick test and a reflexive Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick test using capillary blood samples. A retrospective audit of HCV testing and treatment data was performed at each site for the preceding 12-month period to generate a historical control.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 1549 participants received a HCV antibody test with 17% (264 of 1549) receiving a positive result, of whom 21% (55 of 264) tested HCV RNA positive. Across all settings the rate of testing per year significantly increased between the historical controls and the study intervention period by 2.57 fold (rate ratio, 2.57 [95% confidence interval, 2.32\u20132.85]) for HCV antibody testing and 1.62 (rate ratio, 1.62 [95% confidence interval, 1.31\u20132.01]) for RNA testing. Treatment uptake was higher during the POCT intervention (86% [47 of 55]; P = .01) compared to the historical controls (61% [27 of 44]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrated across 3 settings that the use of HCV antibody and RNA POCT increased testing rates, treatment uptake, and linkage to care. The testing model was highly acceptable for most participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ACTRN-12621001578897<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T18:34:32Z","timestamp":1711046072000},"page":"965-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Point-of-Care Testing for Hepatitis C in the Priority Settings of Mental Health, Prisons, and Drug and Alcohol Facilities\u2014the PROMPt Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4436-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin M","family":"McCartney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Ralton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Dawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqui","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Zobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterolgy & Hepatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Wigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Medicine Unit, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services , Adelaide, SA Health, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund Y","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterolgy & Hepatology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00472-6","article-title":"Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study","volume":"7","author":"Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.003","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"60","author":"European Association for Study of Liver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12866","article-title":"Assessing hepatitis C spontaneous clearance and understanding associated factors\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Aisyah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.08.018","article-title":"EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: final update of the series","volume":"73","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver; Clinical Practice Guidelines Panel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B5","volume-title":"Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0257369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257369","article-title":"Australia could miss the WHO hepatitis C virus elimination targets due to declining treatment uptake and ongoing burden of advanced liver disease complications","volume":"16","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50544","article-title":"Australia needs to increase testing to achieve hepatitis C elimination","volume":"212","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311504","article-title":"Treatment scale-up to achieve global HCV incidence and mortality elimination targets: a cost-effectiveness model","volume":"66","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810477","article-title":"Global elimination of chronic hepatitis","volume":"380","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/10398560701358113","article-title":"Hepatitis C in psychiatry inpatients: testing rates, prevalence and risk behaviours","volume":"15","author":"Lacey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00355-7","article-title":"A national programme to scale-up decentralised hepatitis C point-of-care testing and treatment in Australia","volume":"8","author":"Grebely","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1400385","article-title":"Hepatitis C point-of-care diagnostics: in search of a single visit diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Grebely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B13"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.012","article-title":"Point-of-care hepatitis C testing from needle and syringe programs: an Australian feasibility study","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy114","article-title":"Evaluation of the Xpert HCV Viral Load Finger-Stick point-of-care assay","volume":"217","author":"Lamoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30075-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the Xpert HCV Viral Load point-of-care assay from venepuncture-collected and finger-stick capillary whole-blood samples: a cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Grebely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00346-6","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA viral load testing compared with laboratory-based testing on uptake of RNA testing and treatment, and turnaround times: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Trickey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00471-4","article-title":"Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care, and treatment initiation for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210556","article-title":"Evaluation of five rapid diagnostic tests for detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV): a step towards scale-up of HCV screening efforts in India","volume":"14","author":"Mane","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000117","article-title":"Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of SD BIOLINE for detection of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Weng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Microb Dis"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14315","article-title":"In-field evaluation of Xpert\u00ae HCV viral load Fingerstick assay in people who inject drugs in Tanzania","volume":"40","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac049","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of assays using point-of-care testing or dried blood spot samples for the determination of hepatitis C virus RNA: a systematic review","volume":"226","author":"Catlett","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B23","first-page":"100750","article-title":"Optimizing point-of-care testing strategies for diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"36","author":"Shih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14983","article-title":"Outcomes of the CT2 study: a \u2018one-stop-shop\u2019 for community-based hepatitis C testing and treatment in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"41","author":"Draper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.004","article-title":"An educate, test and treat model towards elimination of hepatitis C infection in Egypt: feasibility and effectiveness in 73 villages","volume":"72","author":"Shiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00780-3","article-title":"Assessing feasibility of a modified same-day test-and-treat model for hepatitis C among rural people who inject drugs","volume":"20","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-014-9932-9","article-title":"Strategies for hepatitis C testing and linkage to care for vulnerable populations: point-of-care and standard HCV testing in a mobile medical clinic","volume":"39","author":"Morano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.011","article-title":"Acceptability and preferences of point-of-care finger-stick whole-blood and venepuncture hepatitis C virus testing among people who inject drugs in Australia","volume":"61","author":"Bajis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B29","first-page":"100490","article-title":"Rapid hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA testing and treatment at an integrated supervised consumption service in Toronto, Canada: a prospective, observational cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Lettner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13664","article-title":"The impact of point-of-care hepatitis C testing in needle and syringe exchange programs on linkage to care and treatment uptake among people who inject drugs: an Australian pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Howell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15191","article-title":"Feasibility and effectiveness of HCV viraemia testing at harm reduction sites in Georgia: a prospective three-arm study","volume":"42","author":"Shilton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102608","article-title":"Time matters: point of care screening and streamlined linkage to care dramatically improves hepatitis C treatment uptake in prisoners in England","volume":"75","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.019","article-title":"A \u2018one-stop-shop\u2019 point-of-care hepatitis C RNA testing intervention to enhance treatment uptake in a reception prison: the PIVOT study","volume":"79","author":"Sheehan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13056","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in Australian psychiatric inpatients: a multicenter study of seroprevalence, risk factors and treatment experience","volume":"26","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3692","article-title":"A national hepatitis C elimination program in the United States: a historic opportunity","volume":"329","author":"Fleurence","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B37","volume-title":"Updated recommendations on HCV simplified service delivery and HCV diagnostics: policy brief","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74568-x","article-title":"Response guided therapy for reducing duration of direct acting antivirals in chronic hepatitis C infected patients: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Etzion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1512610","article-title":"Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for HCV genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 infection","volume":"373","author":"Feld","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.005","article-title":"Sustained virologic response of 100% in HCV genotype 1b patients with cirrhosis receiving ombitasvir\/paritaprevir\/r and dasabuvir for 12weeks","volume":"64","author":"Feld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2575","article-title":"Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review","volume":"166","author":"Falade-Nwulia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.01.028","article-title":"Effectiveness, safety and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 1 infection: results from a Spanish real-world cohort","volume":"66","author":"Calleja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2024101519053918600_ciae155-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.007","article-title":"High SVR12 with 8-week and 12-week glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir therapy: an integrated analysis of HCV genotype 1\u20136 patients without cirrhosis","volume":"69","author":"Puoti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae155\/58031504\/ciae155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/79\/4\/965\/59764836\/ciae155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/79\/4\/965\/59764836\/ciae155.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T19:06:59Z","timestamp":1729019219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/79\/4\/965\/7633085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}