{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T10:54:54Z","timestamp":1753181694453,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtually all cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children in the United States occur through vertical transmission, but it is unknown how many children are infected. Cases of maternal HCV infection have increased in the United States, which may increase the number of children vertically infected with HCV. Infection has long-term consequences for a child's health, but treatment options are now available for children \u22653 years old. Reducing HCV infections in adults could decrease HCV infections in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a stochastic compartmental model, we forecasted incidence of HCV infections in children in the United States from 2022 through 2027. The model considered vertical transmission to children &amp;lt;13 years old and horizontal transmission among individuals 13\u201349 years old. We obtained model parameters and initial conditions from the literature and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2021 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Model simulations assuming direct-acting antiviral treatment for children forecasted that the number of acutely infected children would decrease slightly and the number of chronically infected children would decrease even more. Alone, treatment and early screening in individuals 13\u201349 years old reduced the number of forecasted cases in children and, together, these policy interventions were even more effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on our simulations, acute and chronic cases of HCV infection are remaining constant or slightly decreasing in the United States. Improving early screening and increasing access to treatment in adults may be an effective strategy for reducing the number of HCV infected children in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T20:51:49Z","timestamp":1713387109000},"page":"443-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Forecasting Hepatitis C Virus Status for Children in the United States: A Modeling Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert B","family":"Hood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison H","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Shoben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall E","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura W","family":"Pomeroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"},{"name":"Translational Data Analytics Institute, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw111","article-title":"Rising mortality associated with hepatitis C virus in the United States, 2003\u20132013","volume":"62","author":"Ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002","volume":"144","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"volume-title":"Viral hepatitis surveillance\u2014United States, 2017","year":"2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B3"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu447","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Benova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.03.034","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"224","author":"Pott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac270","article-title":"Overall vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus, transmission net of clearance, and timing of transmission","volume":"76","author":"Ades","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003644","article-title":"Reported prevalence of maternal hepatitis C virus infection in the United States","volume":"135","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7204a1","article-title":"CDC recommendations for hepatitis C testing among perinatally exposed infants and children\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Panagiotakopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12430","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4777","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004777","article-title":"Maternal HCV infection is associated with intrauterine fetal growth disturbance: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.104904","article-title":"Maternal hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus carrier status during pregnancy and long-term respiratory complications in the offspring","volume":"140","author":"Govrin-Yehudain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2016.19.2.83","article-title":"Hepatitis C viral infection in children: updated review","volume":"19","author":"El-Guindi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e521","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.17-9-e521","article-title":"Hepatitis C mother-to-child transmission","volume":"17","author":"Padua","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1458836","article-title":"Infant follow-up postdelivery from a hepatitis C viral load positive mother","volume":"32","author":"Towers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019-2482","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2482","article-title":"Hepatitis C testing among perinatally exposed infants","volume":"145","author":"Lopata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31841","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir in children with chronic HCV: part 2 of the DORA study","volume":"74","author":"Jonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ894","article-title":"The impact of enhanced screening and treatment on hepatitis C in the United States","volume":"62","author":"Durham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2013.10.1045","article-title":"Model for hepatitis C virus transmissions","volume":"10","author":"Elbasha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control","author":"Anderson","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400841035","volume-title":"Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals","author":"Keeling","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007148","article-title":"A clarification of transmission terms in host-microparasite models: numbers, densities and areas","volume":"129","author":"Begon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B22"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620788114","article-title":"Effectiveness of UNAIDS targets and HIV vaccination across 127 countries","volume":"114","author":"Medlock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002212","article-title":"Forecasting prevalence of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) drug resistance: a modeling study","volume":"83","author":"Northrop","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"author":"Carnell","key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B25"},{"volume-title":"2021 Viral hepatitis surveillance report","year":"2023","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B26"},{"volume-title":"User guide to the 2017 natality public use file","year":"2017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B27"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B28","first-page":"59","article-title":"The management of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in children","volume":"71","author":"Batsis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.18.04898-3","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"71","author":"Compagnone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318258328d","article-title":"NASPGHAN practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of hepatitis C infection in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"54","author":"Mack","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360714","article-title":"Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2015.07.003","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C","volume":"44","author":"Lingala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.006","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus: defining the cascade of care","volume":"203","author":"Epstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.10.031","article-title":"The burden of hepatitis C virus infection in children: estimated direct medical costs over a 10-year period","volume":"148","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2350","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection among reproductive-aged women and children in the United States, 2006 to 2014","volume":"166","author":"Ly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30297","article-title":"Estimating prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 2013\u20132016","volume":"69","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02494.x","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in USA: an estimate of true prevalence","volume":"31","author":"Chak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B38","first-page":"140953","article-title":"Evolution of interferon-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"2010","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepat Res Treat"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7085","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis C: a systematic review","volume":"312","author":"Kohli","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.01.010","article-title":"Economic and public health impacts of policies restricting access to hepatitis C treatment for Medicaid patients","volume":"19","author":"Chidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13661","article-title":"Removal of Medicaid restrictions were associated with increased hepatitis C virus treatment rates, but disparities persist","volume":"29","author":"Nephew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6902a1","article-title":"CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults\u2014United States, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Schillie","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-019-00468-y","article-title":"Testing for hepatitis C in pregnancy: the time has come for routine rather than risk-based","volume":"18","author":"Kushner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Hepatol Rep"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.080","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of universal screening for hepatitis C virus infection in the era of direct-acting, pangenotypic treatment regimens","volume":"17","author":"Eckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2024081609322802000_ciae157-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30062-8","article-title":"Ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir in pregnant women with hepatitis C virus infection: a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study","volume":"1","author":"Chappell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae157\/57261825\/ciae157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/79\/2\/443\/58831801\/ciae157.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/79\/2\/443\/58831801\/ciae157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T12:48:33Z","timestamp":1731674913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/79\/2\/443\/7649214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1058-4838"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1537-6591"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}