{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:51:12Z","timestamp":1785372672417,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondos FEDER","award":["CM21\/00174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM21\/00174"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Carlos III Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030969","name":"Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["169-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["169-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In high-resource settings, the survival of children with immunocompromise (IC) has increased and immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly being used. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, performance of diagnostic tools, and outcome of IC children with tuberculosis (TB) in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multicenter, matched case-control study within the Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group, capturing TB cases &amp;lt;18 years diagnosed 2000\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 417 TB cases were included, comprising 139 children who are IC (human immunodeficiency virus, inborn errors of immunity, drug-induced immunosuppression, and other immunocompromising conditions) and 278 non-IC children as controls. Nonrespiratory TB was more frequent among cases than controls (32.4% vs 21.2%; P = .013). Patients with IC had an increased likelihood of presenting with severe disease (57.6% vs 38.5%; P &amp;lt; .001; odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.073 [1.37\u20133.13]). Children with IC had higher rates of false-negative tuberculin skin test (31.9% vs 6.0%; P &amp;lt; .001) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay (30.0% vs 7.3%; P &amp;lt; .001) results at diagnosis. Overall, the microbiological confirmation rate was similar in IC and non-IC cases (58.3% vs 49.3%; P = .083). Although the mortality in children with IC was &amp;lt;1%, the rate of long-term sequelae was significantly higher than in non-IC cases (14.8% vs 6.1%; P = .004).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with IC and TB in Europe have increased rates of nonrespiratory TB, severe disease, and long-term sequelae. Immune-based TB tests have poor sensitivity in those children. Future research should focus on developing improved immunological TB tests that perform better in patients with IC, and determining the reasons for the increased risk of long-term sequelae, with the aim to design preventive management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T18:34:29Z","timestamp":1712169269000},"page":"215-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Tuberculosis Disease in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents: A Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group Multicenter Case-control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2259-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Tebruegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics & National Reference Centre for Paediatric Tuberculosis, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund , Vienna , Austria"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Noguera-Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Cirurgia i Especialitats Medicoquir\u00fargiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Neth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS\/Universidad de Sevilla\/CSIC, Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP) , Seville , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital , Brighton , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folke","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and CF Center, University Children's Hospital Bochum , Bochum , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital La Paz , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas 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