{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T19:10:23Z","timestamp":1771787423424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"US government"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012399","name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100029382","name":"HIV Vaccine Trials Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100029382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Units"},{"name":"HIV Prevention Trials Network"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006392","name":"AIDS Clinical Trials Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI068614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI068614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI068635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI068635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI069412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI069412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are highly efficacious at preventing severe disease in the general population, current data are lacking regarding vaccine efficacy (VE) for individuals with mild immunocompromising conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A post hoc, cross-protocol analysis of participant-level data from the blinded phase of four randomized, placebo-controlled, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine phase 3 trials (Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax) was performed. We defined a \u201ctempered immune system\u201d (TIS) variable via a consensus panel based on medical history and medications to determine VE against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 cases in TIS participants versus non-TIS individuals starting at 14 days after completion of the primary series through the blinded phase for each of the 4 trials. An analysis of participants living with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus was conducted using the same methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 3852\/30 351 (12.7%) Moderna participants, 3088\/29 868 (10.3%) Novavax participants, 3549\/32 380 (11.0%) AstraZeneca participants, and 5047\/43 788 (11.5%) Janssen participants were identified as having a TIS. Most TIS conditions (73.9%) were due to metabolism and nutritional disorders. Vaccination (vs placebo) significantly reduced the likelihood of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 for all participants for each trial. VE was not significantly different for TIS participants versus non-TIS for either symptomatic or severe COVID-19 for each trial, nor was VE significantly different in the symptomatic endpoint for participants with human immunodeficiency virus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For individuals with mildly immunocompromising conditions, there is no evidence of differences in VE against symptomatic or severe COVID-19 compared with those with non-TIS in the 4 COVID-19 vaccine randomized controlled efficacy trials.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T18:18:53Z","timestamp":1712773133000},"page":"364-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy in Participants With Weakened Immune Systems From 4 Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C","family":"Sherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria D","family":"Cantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oladunni","family":"Adeyiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M","family":"Ortega-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Tillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate , Frederick, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular 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