{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:33:48Z","timestamp":1791952428458,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute","award":["EY002162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY002162"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To identify weather variables associated with pathogens contributing to infectious conjunctivitis globally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sample collection and pathogen identification from patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis was performed from 2017 to 2023. We linked pathogens identified from 13 sites across 8 countries with publicly available weather data by geographic coordinates. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity exposures, and the prevalence of infection types (RNA virus, DNA virus, bacteria, and fungus).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 498 cases from the United States, India, Nepal, Thailand, Burkina Faso, Niger, Vietnam, and Israel were included in the analysis. The 8-day average precipitation (mm) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12 to 1.93, P = .01) and decreased odds of DNA infection (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: .46 to .82, P &amp;lt; .001). Relative humidity (%) was associated with increased odds of RNA virus infections (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.51 to 4.61, P &amp;lt; .001), and fungal infections (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.19 to 4.66, P = .01), but decreased odds of DNA virus (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: .37 to .90, P = .02) and bacterial infections (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: .25 to .71, P &amp;lt; .001). Temperature (\u00b0C) was not associated with ocular infections for any pathogen type.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study suggests that weather factors affect pathogens differently. Particularly, humidity and precipitation were predictors for pathogens contributing to conjunctivitis worldwide. Additional work is needed to clarify the effects of shifts in weather and environmental factors on ocular infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T23:23:12Z","timestamp":1723764192000},"page":"551-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of Weather Variables With Pathogens Contributing to Conjunctivitis Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Daisy","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N Venkatesh","family":"Prajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Hospital , Madurai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prajna","family":"Lalitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aravind Eye Hospital , Madurai ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiwan","family":"Sansanayudh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Phramongkutklao Hospital , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vannarut","family":"Satitpitakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Cornea and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wipada","family":"Laovirojjanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenu","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University , Kathmandu ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Bountogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nouna Health Research Center (CRSN) , Nouna, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nouna Health Research Center (CRSN) , Nouna, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nouna Health Research Center (CRSN) , Nouna, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Amza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beido","family":"Nassirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Almou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire , Niamey ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hai Yen Vision Institute , Ho Chi Minh City ,","place":["Vietnam"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ho Chi Minh City ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hai Yen Vision Institute , Ho Chi Minh City ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Onclinx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruti","family":"Sella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center , Petha-Tikva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Goren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center , Petha-Tikva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"McClean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego , San Diego, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine , Honolulu, Hawaii ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Ouimette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YuHeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lebas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin F","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Deiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis C","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerami D","family":"Seitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Shantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Hinterwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. 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