{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:10:05Z","timestamp":1790791805396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite high vaccine effectiveness, wild-type measles can occur in previously vaccinated persons. We compared the clinical presentation and disease severity of measles by vaccination status and age in the postelimination era in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included U.S. measles cases reported from 2001 to 2022. Breakthrough measles was defined as cases with \u22651 documented dose of measles-containing vaccine, classic measles as the presence of rash, fever, and \u22651 symptoms (cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis), and severe disease as the presence of pneumonia, encephalitis, hospitalization, or death. Vaccinated cases with low- and high-avidity immunoglobulin G were classified as primary (PVF) and secondary (SVF) vaccine failures, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 4056 confirmed measles cases, 2799 (69%) were unvaccinated, 475 (12%) were breakthrough infections, and 782 (19%) had unknown vaccination; 1526 (38%), 1174 (29%), and 1355 (33%) were aged &amp;lt;5, 5\u201319, and \u226520 years, respectively. We observed a general decline in classic presentation and severe disease with an increase in the number of doses and fewer complications among children aged 5\u201319 years compared to other age groups. Among 93 breakthrough cases with avidity results, 11 (12%) and 76 (82%) were classified as PVF and SVF, respectively, with a higher proportion of PVFs having a classic measles presentation and severe disease than SVFs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breakthrough measles cases tended to have milder disease with less complications. A small proportion of breakthrough infections were due to PVF than SVF. It is critical to maintain high measles-mumps-rubella vaccination coverage in the United States to prevent serious measles illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T04:14:56Z","timestamp":1726287296000},"page":"663-672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Effects of Vaccination Status and Age on Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Measles Cases in the United States in the Postelimination Era, 2001\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5164-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeemah A","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adria D","family":"Mathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Rota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Sugerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun B","family":"Sowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3567-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Mercader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen N","family":"Crooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Gasta\u00f1aduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, 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