{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T01:33:37Z","timestamp":1785202417065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006356","name":"University of Southern Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024075","name":"Region of Southern Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005932","name":"Danish AIDS Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005932","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In countries with low tuberculosis burden, the risk of tuberculosis in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) once HIV virological suppression is achieved is not fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a nationwide cohort, we included all adult PWH from the Danish HIV Cohort initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) (1995\u20132017) without prior tuberculosis disease. We used Kaplan\u2013Meier estimation and Poisson regression to calculate the tuberculosis incidence rate (IR) after 6 months of ART, along with associated risk factors and mortality rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 6849 PWH initiating ART (median follow-up, 7.4 years), 84 developed tuberculosis (IR, 1.4\/1000 person-years [PY]), 54 of them &amp;gt;6 months after ART initiation (IR, 0.97\/1000 PY [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17\u20131.79); 1.95\/1000 PY [1.34\u20132.76] in non\u2013Danish born, 0.36\/1000 PY [.21\u2013.62] in Danish born without injection drug use (IDU), and 2.95\/1000 PY [1.53\u20135.66] in Danish born with IDU). Danish-born individuals with suppressed viremia and no IDU or known tuberculosis exposures had the lowest risk (IR, 0.05\/1000 PY). In the adjusted analysis, being non\u2013Danish born (adjusted IR ratio, 4.27 [95% CI: 2.36\u20137.72]), IDU (4.95 [2.55\u20139.62]), and previous AIDS-defining events (2.05 [1.06\u20133.94]) raised the tuberculosis risk, while suppressed HIV RNA levels (0.58 [.34\u2013.99]) reduced it. The overall mortality rate for HIV\/tuberculosis coinfected after ART was high, at 48.9\/1000 PY (95% CI: 30.4\u201378.7).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tuberculosis risk remains elevated in PWH beyond 6 months after ART initiation, especially among migrants, those with IDU, those without suppressed HIV RNA, and those exposed to areas highly endemic for tuberculosis or with social risk determinants of health. Conversely, PWH without these risk factors have a tuberculosis risk similar to the general population and would not require targeted tuberculosis screening strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T11:18:01Z","timestamp":1728127081000},"page":"854-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk of Tuberculosis After Achieving HIV Virological Suppression on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Danish Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Amrit Kaur","family":"Virdee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark , Odense 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Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Obel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina Breinholt","family":"St\u00e6rke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"\u00c5hsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Mycobacterial Centre for Research Southern Denmark\u2014MyCRESD , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iben","family":"\u00d8rsted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitte","family":"Kronborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager Hvidovre Hospital , Hvidovre ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Mohey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Viborg Hospital , Viborg ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria del Pilar Fernandez","family":"Montejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiological Research, Nyk\u00f8bing Falster Hospital , Nyk\u00f8bing Falster ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isik Somuncu","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Mycobacterial Centre for Research Southern Denmark\u2014MyCRESD , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Martin-Iguacel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark , Odense ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025043020405181500_ciae499-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025043020405181500_ciae499-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.12.025","article-title":"Tackling TB in low-incidence countries: improving diagnosis and management in vulnerable populations","volume":"56","author":"Heuvelings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect 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