{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:24:14Z","timestamp":1792794254875,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measles is a highly contagious disease, presenting a significant risk for unvaccinated infants and adults. Measles vaccination under the age of 12 months provides early protection but has also been associated with blunting of antibody responses to subsequent measles vaccinations and assumed to have lower vaccine effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study included children who received an early measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination between 6 and 12 months of age (n = 79, given in addition to the regular MMR vaccination schedule at 14 months and 9 years) and a group without additional early vaccination (n = 44). We evaluated measles virus (MeV)\u2013specific neutralizing antibodies before vaccination at 14 months and up to 6 years thereafter using a plaque reduction neutralization test according to the standard set by the World Health Organization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a significant association between age of first MMR and MeV-specific neutralizing antibody levels later in life. Although most children who received early vaccination seroconverted after the first dose, children vaccinated before 8.5 months of age exhibited a markedly faster antibody decay and lost their protective neutralizing antibody levels over 6 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine vaccination of infants under 8.5 months of age may lead to blunted MeV-specific antibody responses to subsequent MMR vaccination. Early MMR vaccination should only be considered during measles outbreaks or in other situations of increased risk of MeV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. EudraCT 2013-003078-28.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T08:14:35Z","timestamp":1730362475000},"page":"904-910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Long-term Dynamics of Measles Virus\u2013Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Children Vaccinated Before 12 Months of Age"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5005-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaike","family":"van der Staak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hinke I","family":"ten Hulscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina M","family":"Nicolaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaby P","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rik L","family":"de Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelle","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7170-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nynke Y","family":"Rots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S","family":"van Binnendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020276","article-title":"Measles: an overview of a re-emerging disease in children and immunocompromised patients","volume":"8","author":"Misin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475518804695","article-title":"Clinical profile of measles in children with special reference to infants","volume":"49","author":"Sindhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix302","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: the devastating measles complication that might be more common than previously estimated","volume":"65","author":"Wendorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.002","article-title":"Waning of measles maternal antibody in infants in measles elimination settings\u2014a systematic literature review","volume":"36","author":"Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880005442X","article-title":"Maternally derived measles immunity in children of naturally infected and vaccinated mothers","volume":"101","author":"Jenks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy142","article-title":"Protecting the community through child vaccination","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.066","article-title":"Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017\u2014recommendations","volume":"37","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B8"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00446","article-title":"Maternal antibodies: clinical significance, mechanism of interference with immune responses, and possible vaccination strategies","volume":"5","author":"Niewiesk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.6.527","article-title":"Deficiency of the humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants immunized at age 6 months","volume":"280","author":"Gans","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30396-2","article-title":"Effect of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months on the immune response to subsequent measles vaccine doses: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Nic Lochlainn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30395-0","article-title":"Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Nic Lochlainn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.090","article-title":"The effect of time since measles vaccination and age at first dose on measles vaccine effectiveness\u2014a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800058441","article-title":"Measles vaccine efficacy during an outbreak in a highly vaccinated population: incremental increase in protection with age at vaccination up to 18 months","volume":"115","author":"De Serres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30443","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.3.30443","article-title":"Large measles epidemic in the Netherlands, May 2013 to March 2014: changing epidemiology","volume":"22","author":"Woudenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz159","article-title":"Early measles vaccination during an outbreak in the Netherlands: short-term and long-term decreases in antibody responses among children vaccinated before 12 months of age","volume":"220","author":"Brinkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.08.001","article-title":"Measles immunity testing: comparison of two measles IgG ELISAs with plaque reduction neutralisation assay","volume":"131","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.046","article-title":"Plaque reduction neutralization test for measles antibodies: description of a standardised laboratory method for use in immunogenicity studies of aerosol vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.5.1036","article-title":"Measles antibody: reevaluation of protective titers","volume":"162","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu117","article-title":"Measles virus antibody responses in children randomly assigned to receive standard-titer Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age, 9 months of age, or 9 and 18 months of age","volume":"210","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00100-5","article-title":"Determinants of infant responses to vaccines in presence of maternal antibodies","volume":"16","author":"Siegrist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.54","article-title":"Unique aspects of the perinatal immune system","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.524","article-title":"Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with live attenuated, recombinant, and subunit measles vaccines in the presence of passively acquired antibodies","volume":"175","author":"van Binnendijk","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.047","article-title":"Maternal antibodies inhibit neonatal and infant responses to vaccination by shaping the early-life B cell repertoire within germinal centers","volume":"28","author":"Vono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00028-7","article-title":"Neonatal and early life vaccinology","volume":"19","author":"Siegrist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2508","article-title":"B-cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age","volume":"9","author":"Siegrist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.1.165","article-title":"Reduced ability of neonatal and early-life bone marrow stromal cells to support plasmablast survival","volume":"176","author":"Pihlgren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0654-9","article-title":"Vaccine responses in newborns","volume":"39","author":"Saso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302539","article-title":"CD4+ T cells from human neonates and infants are poised spontaneously to run a nonclassical IL-4 program","volume":"192","author":"Hebel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025043020405737300_ciae537-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1089\/0882824041310522","article-title":"T cell immunity to measles viral proteins in infants and adults after measles immunization","volume":"17","author":"Gans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae537\/60807536\/ciae537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/80\/4\/904\/60807536\/ciae537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/80\/4\/904\/60807536\/ciae537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T20:41:09Z","timestamp":1746045669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/80\/4\/904\/7874423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]}}}