{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T18:29:20Z","timestamp":1794076160251,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accessible, accurate screening tests are necessary to advance tuberculosis case finding and early detection in high-burden countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively screened adults with \u22652 weeks of cough at primary health centers in the Philippines, Vietnam, South Africa, Uganda, and India. Participants underwent chest radiography, Cepheid Xpert TB Host Response (Xpert HR) testing, and point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing (Boditech). Chest radiographs were processed using CAD4TB v7, a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm. We assessed diagnostic accuracy against a microbiologic reference standard (sputum Xpert Ultra, culture). Optimal cutoff points were chosen to maximize specificity at 90% sensitivity. Two-test screening algorithms were considered, using (1) sequential negative serial screening (with positive defined as positive on either test) and (2) sequential positive serial screening (with positive defined as positive on both tests).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between July 2021 and August 2022, a total of 1392 participants with presumptive tuberculosis had valid index tests and reference standard results, and 303 (22%) had confirmed tuberculosis. In head-to-head comparisons, CAD4TB v7 showed the highest specificity at 90% sensitivity (70.3% vs 65.1% for Xpert HR [95% confidence interval for absolute difference in specificity, 1.6%\u20138.9%] and vs 49.7% for CRP [17.0%\u201324.3%]). Three 2-test screening algorithms met World Health Organization target product profile minimum accuracy thresholds and had higher accuracy than any test alone. At 90% sensitivity, the specificity was 79.6% for Xpert HR\u2013CAD4TB (sequential negative), 75.9% for CRP-CAD4TB (sequential negative), and 73.7% for Xpert HR\u2013CAD4TB (sequential positive).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CAD4TB achieves target product profile targets and outperforms Xpert HR and CRP. Combining screening tests further increased accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04923958<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T15:25:24Z","timestamp":1730820324000},"page":"e239-e247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Tuberculosis Screening Tests in a Prospective Multinational Cohort: Chest Radiography With Computer-Aided Detection, Xpert Tuberculosis Host Response, and C-Reactive Protein"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Crowder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balamugesh","family":"Thangakunam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College , Vellore ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Andama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devasahayam J","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College , Vellore ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7410-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Dalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, De la Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute , Dasmari\u00f1as ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4231-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Welile","family":"Nwamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-4899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra V","family":"Kik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Programme, FIND , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5915-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Van Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Management Department, Ha Noi Lung Hospital , Ha Noi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen","family":"Viet Nhung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, National Lung Hospital, Ha Noi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick P J","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1597-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Ruhwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Programme, FIND , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Theron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8531-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Worodria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences , Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute , Dasmari\u00f1as ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam","family":"Nahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6553-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankur","family":"Gupta-Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital , German Center for Infection Research (partner site), Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7216-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M","family":"Denkinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital , German Center for Infection Research (partner site), Heidelberg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the R2D2 TB Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugasundaram","family":"Elango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerusha","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinita","family":"Ernest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyadarshini","family":"Gajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavita","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharath","family":"Karthikeyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Mangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajasekar","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Shibiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Vijayasree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Almonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Joshua","family":"Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Faith","family":"Angcaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Edwin L","family":"Bascu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon P","family":"Basilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asella Ruvijean","family":"Cariaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Castillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlo","family":"Dayawon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Destura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jezreel","family":"Esguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonor","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darecil","family":"Gelina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Aldwin","family":"Gole\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Marissa","family":"Golla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gidalthi Jonathan","family":"Ilagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dodge R","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaiem","family":"Maranan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danaida","family":"Marcelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonedy","family":"Masangcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenkin","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelita","family":"Pabruada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laarean","family":"Perlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalyn","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roeus Vincent Arjay G","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Guileane","family":"Sanchez-Pogosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricef","family":"Tonquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Abdulgadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cammy","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitta","family":"Derendinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Fortuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siphosethu","family":"Gonya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chumani","family":"Hatile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Hendrikse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Lawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Disha","family":"Mathoorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree Lem","family":"Mbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zintle","family":"Ntetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Okunola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaida","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikiswa","family":"Seti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Van Der Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusanda","family":"Yekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Asege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Bukirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Katumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Kisakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Mangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Job","family":"Mukwatamundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Mwebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet","family":"Nakaweesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Nakaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talemwa","family":"Nalugwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Nassuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Nekesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Nyawere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Baptist","family":"Ssonko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luong","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuong","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dung","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thien","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oanh","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyet","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuong","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trang","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Huddart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devan","family":"Jaganath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Kato-Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruvandhi","family":"Nathavitharana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Nahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinari","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Sudarsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria del Mar","family":"Castro Noriega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Pfurtscheller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seda","family":"Yerlikaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Arentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00375-4","article-title":"Improving measurement of tuberculosis care cascades to enhance people-centred care","volume":"23","author":"Faust","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B3","volume-title":"High priority target product profiles for new tuberculosis diagnostics: report of a consensus meeting, 28-29 April 2014, Geneva, Switzerland","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02135-3","article-title":"Blazing the trail for innovative tuberculosis diagnostics","volume":"52","author":"Yerlikaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz243","article-title":"Guidance for studies evaluating the accuracy of tuberculosis triage tests","volume":"220","author":"Nathavitharana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.24.22269730","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of chest X-ray interpretation for tuberculosis by three artificial intelligence-based software in a screening use-case: an individual patient meta-analysis of global data","volume-title":"medRxiv [Preprint: not peer reviewed]","author":"Kik","year":"27  2022"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000402","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of three computer-aided detection systems for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis on chest radiography when used for screening: analysis of an international, multicenter migrants screening study","volume":"3","author":"Gelaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0277843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277843","article-title":"Early user experience and lessons learned using ultra-portable digital X-ray with computer-aided detection (DXR-CAD) products: a qualitative study from the perspective of healthcare providers","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0002031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002031","article-title":"Accuracy of digital chest x-ray analysis with artificial intelligence software as a triage and screening tool in hospitalized patients being evaluated for tuberculosis in Lima, Peru","volume":"4","author":"Biewer","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000067","article-title":"Comparing different versions of computer-aided detection products when reading chest X-rays for tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e894","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac679","article-title":"The performance of computer-aided detection digital chest X-ray reading technologies for triage of active tuberculosis among persons with a history of previous tuberculosis","volume":"76","author":"Kagujje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.05.037","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a commercially available, deep learning-based chest X-ray interpretation software for detecting culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"122","author":"Tavaziva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e793","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00052-4","article-title":"Point-of-care C-reactive protein and Xpert MTB\/RIF ultra for tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in unselected antiretroviral therapy initiators: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"12","author":"Reeve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.10.041","article-title":"Clinical utility of C-reactive protein-based triage for presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis in South African adults","volume":"86","author":"Calderwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B15","first-page":"636","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum C-reactive protein for screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Lawn","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.23.24305228","article-title":"C-reactive protein-based tuberculosis triage testing: a multi-country diagnostic accuracy study","author":"Derendinger","year":"24  2024","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint: not peer reviewed]"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab839","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Cepheid 3-gene host response fingerstick blood test in a prospective, multi-site study: interim results","volume":"74","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00541-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the Xpert MTB Host Response assay for the triage of patients with presumed pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study in Viet Nam, India, the Philippines, Uganda, and South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Gupta-Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.19.24309061","article-title":"An independent, multi-country head-to-head accuracy comparison of automated chest x-ray algorithms for the triage of pulmonary tuberculosis","author":"Worodria","year":"19  2024","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint: not peer reviewed]"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B20","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","article-title":"STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0277393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277393","article-title":"Economic analysis of different throughput scenarios and implementation strategies of computer-aided detection software as a screening and triage test for pulmonary TB","volume":"17","author":"Bashir","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003752","article-title":"Computer-aided X-ray screening for tuberculosis and HIV testing among adults with cough in Malawi (the PROSPECT study): a randomised trial and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"18","author":"MacPherson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad501","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of low-complexity screening tests in community-based case-finding for tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Br\u00fcmmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306473228600_ciae549-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000064","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of triage testing for facility-based systematic screening of tuberculosis among Ugandan adults","volume":"1","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae549\/60483111\/ciae549.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/2\/e239\/60483111\/ciae549.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/2\/e239\/60483111\/ciae549.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:47:39Z","timestamp":1773398859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/82\/2\/e239\/7885258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae549","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]}}}