{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:01:09Z","timestamp":1790726469589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA","award":["CSS13 2022-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSS13 2022-2)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The health of children exposed but uninfected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires long-term assessment, in particular in terms of neurological and cognitive development. Numerous confounding factors have hampered such assessment, and published data are contradictory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the French National Health Data System from 2012 to 2022, we conducted a population-based matched cohort study on all live-born single children, including those born to mothers with HIV, all prenatally exposed to antiretrovirals (ARVs). The primary outcome was the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. The recourse to specialized consultations likely to indirectly reflect neurodevelopmental symptoms was also evaluated. Incidence was assessed using the Cox survival model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 6 667 363 live-born singletons, 9035 were born to mothers with HIV, all exposed to ARVs during pregnancy. Children were followed for up to 11 years (average, 5.5 years). Overall, the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders among exposed children was higher than in the general population, even after matching for 5 sociodemographic criteria and gestational age (hazard ratio, 1.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.04\u20131.47]). It was not possible to dissect the respective role of maternal infection from that of maternal treatment, as all children were coexposed to HIV and ARVs. However, among those exposed to tenofovir-emtricitabine, the ritonavir-boosted darunavir\u2013based combination was significantly associated with a higher combined incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders and related specialized consultations than other protease inhibitors (log-rank P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children exposed to HIV and ARVs in utero have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders of multifactorial origin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T07:26:12Z","timestamp":1738221972000},"page":"92-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children Exposed to HIV and Antiretrovirals In Utero: A National Cohort Study in France"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2398-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathis","family":"Collier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche clinique, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP)"},{"name":"URP7323 Pharmacologie et Evaluation des Th\u00e9rapeutiques Chez l\u2019Enfant et la Femme Enceinte, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Chouchana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche clinique, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP)"},{"name":"URP7323 Pharmacologie et Evaluation des Th\u00e9rapeutiques Chez l\u2019Enfant et la Femme Enceinte, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"},{"name":"Centre R\u00e9gional de Pharmacovigilance, Service de Pharmacologie P\u00e9rinatale, P\u00e9diatrique et Adulte, H\u00f4pital Cochin, AP-HP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Frange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Immunologie H\u00e9matologie Rhumatologie P\u00e9diatriques, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Propre 7328 FETUS, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, Universit\u00e9 de Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Sibiude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie et d\u2019Obst\u00e9trique, H\u00f4pital Trousseau AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Munnich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultation Mobile R\u00e9gionale de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Fondation Elan Retrouv\u00e9, Institut Imagine , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Marc","family":"Treluyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche clinique, H\u00f4pital Cochin, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP)"},{"name":"URP7323 Pharmacologie et Evaluation des Th\u00e9rapeutiques Chez l\u2019Enfant et la Femme Enceinte, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Blanche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Immunologie H\u00e9matologie Rhumatologie P\u00e9diatriques, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 Paris 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