{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:07:19Z","timestamp":1789596439158,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Transplantation Associated Virus Infections"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. In general, host immunity is sufficient to clear viral shedding and recurrences, although it is insufficient to prevent subsequent virologic reactivations. In immunocompromised patients, prolonged and difficult-to-treat HSV infections may develop. The diagnosis of refractory HSV infection is based on the lack of clinical response to nucleoside analogs. Antiviral resistance is confirmed via genotypic and\/or phenotypic testing. To provide consensus definitions of refractory and\/or resistant (R\/R) HSV mucocutaneous infections for clinical trial use, the HSV Resistance Working Group of the Transplant Associated Viral Infections Forum, which includes international clinicians, scientists, industry representatives, and regulatory officials, conducted a literature review of previously published data related to R\/R HSV infections in immunocompromised patients. We propose definitions of R\/R HSV mucocutaneous infections, which will be subject to re-evaluation and revision based on forthcoming data and future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T07:34:21Z","timestamp":1734680061000},"page":"593-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Refractory and Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Mucocutaneous Infections in Immunocompromised Patients: Literature Review and Proposed Definitions for Use in Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy F","family":"Chemaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tali","family":"Shafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine and Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille N","family":"Kotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplant Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genovefa","family":"Papanicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle K","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6543-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forum for Collaborative HIV Research, University of California , Berkeley, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7161-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi E","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Antiviral Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charu","family":"Mullick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Antiviral Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0749-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimee C","family":"Hodowanec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Antiviral Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Medical Products Agency , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University , Uppsala 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