{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:32:57Z","timestamp":1791952377927,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linezolid is recommended in treatment regimens for rifampin- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). However, considerable pharmacokinetic variability exists, and long-term use is limited by adverse effects. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with TB from an international therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linezolid trough, 2-hour, and 6-hour postdose clinical samples from across North America were tested by the University of Florida Infectious Disease Pharmacokinetics Laboratory. Total serum concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. TDM was performed, and measurements were compared to typical linezolid concentrations including a trough value of &amp;lt;2\u2005\u03bcg\/mL and peak value between 12 and 26\u2005\u03bcg\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From January 2019 to December 2023, 1604 linezolid samples from 500 patients and 817 unique TDM occasions were analyzed. Trough concentrations were measured on 670 samples (median, 1.19 [range, 0.00\u201320.06] \u03bcg\/mL), and 232 troughs (34.6%) were &amp;gt;2\u2005\u03bcg\/mL. Among trough samples from linezolid dosing of 600\u2005mg daily, 43.2% were &amp;gt;2\u2005\u03bcg\/mL. Of 600 peak samples, 264 (44%) were outside the typical range, most (89%) being subtherapeutic at &amp;lt;12\u2005\u03bcg\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High serum linezolid trough concentrations were measured in approximately one-third of samples and in &amp;gt;40% of those taking the recommended dose. More than 40% of peak concentrations were outside typical range, of which 89% were &amp;lt;12\u2005\u03bcg\/mL. This study demonstrates that TDM can be used to identify patients with serum linezolid concentrations outside of targeted ranges, allowing clinicians to make appropriate dose adjustments to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T15:20:53Z","timestamp":1737386453000},"page":"830-837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Linezolid Dosing and Pharmacokinetics in North American Patients With Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Nicole F","family":"Maranchick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles A","family":"Peloquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connie A","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800379d","article-title":"Crystal structure of the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit","volume":"51","author":"Ippolito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.05962.x","article-title":"Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent","volume":"1222","author":"Leach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(09)60009-8","article-title":"Linezolid: a review of safety and tolerability","volume":"59","author":"Vinh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.416-417.2003","article-title":"In vitro activities of linezolid against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are susceptible or resistant to first-line antituberculous drugs","volume":"47","author":"Alcal\u00e1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00414-07","article-title":"In vitro activities of linezolid against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated in Taiwan over 10 years","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117166","article-title":"A 24-week, all-oral regimen for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"387","author":"Nyang\u2019wa","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901814","article-title":"Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"382","author":"Conradie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119430","article-title":"Bedaquiline\u2013pretomanid\u2013linezolid regimens for drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"387","author":"Conradie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025110901575055300_ciaf027-B9","volume-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. 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