{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:28:34Z","timestamp":1789223314307,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005258","name":"CDC, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Epidemiologic and Economic Modeling Agreement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant number 5NU38PS004644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 5NU38PS004644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI146555-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI146555-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) notifications and deaths in the United States fluctuated substantially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We analyzed multiple data sources to understand the factors contributing to these changes and estimated future TB trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 4 mechanisms potentially contributing to observed TB trends during 2020\u20132023: immigration, respiratory contact rates, rates of accurate diagnosis and treatment initiation, and mortality rates for persons experiencing TB disease. We employed a Bayesian approach to synthesize evidence on how these mechanisms changed during the pandemic and how they might have combined to produce observed 2020\u20132023 TB data, using a transmission-dynamic model to link mechanisms to TB outcomes. We also simulated a no-pandemic-counterfactual scenario that assumed mechanisms followed pre-pandemic trends. We estimated TB outcomes associated with the pandemic until 2035 to capture lagged effects. We evaluated additional scenarios to estimate the individual effect of each mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 2020\u20132035, we estimate an additional 2784 (95% uncertainty interval: 2164\u20133461) TB notifications and 1138 (1076\u20131201) TB deaths in the United States associated with changes occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mechanisms had offsetting effects\u2014decreases in TB diagnosis rates led to more TB deaths and notifications, while reductions in contact rates reduced TB deaths and notifications. Immigration changes initially reduced TB deaths, but increased deaths and notifications over time. Higher TB mortality rates increased TB deaths but decreased TB notifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although direct impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic occurred between 2020 and 2023, these changes may continue to influence TB incidence and mortality in future years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T15:42:55Z","timestamp":1740498175000},"page":"e659-e667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Outcomes in the United States: A Bayesian Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4116-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole A","family":"Swartwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7418-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew N","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett R","family":"Beeler Asay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Jean I","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C Robert","family":"Horsburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Global Health and Medicine, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-5515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas A","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. 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