{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:25:05Z","timestamp":1788909905209,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1126780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1126780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is paucity of information on the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a cause of stillbirths or childhood deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We investigated attribution of CMV disease in the causal pathway to stillbirths and deaths in children &amp;lt;5 years of age in 7 LMICs participating in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed stillbirths and decedents enrolled between December 2016 and July 2023. Deaths were investigated using postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling with histopathology and molecular diagnostic investigations of tissues and body fluids, along with review of clinical records. Multidisciplinary expert panels reviewed findings and reported on the causal pathway to death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMV was detected in 19.5% (1140\/5841) of all evaluated deaths, including 5.0% (111\/2204), 6.2% (139\/2229), 41.2% (107\/260), 68.1% (323\/474), and 68.2% (460\/674) of stillbirths, neonates (deaths &amp;lt;28 days postnatal), early infants (28 to &amp;lt;90 days), late infants (90 to &amp;lt;365 days), and children (12 to &amp;lt;60 months), respectively. CMV disease was attributed in the causal pathway to death in 0.9% (20\/2204) of stillbirths, 0.8% (17\/2229) of neonates, 13.1% (34\/260) of early infants, 9.7% (46\/474) of late infants, and 3.3% (22\/674) of children. Decedents with CMV disease, compared with those without CMV disease in the causal pathway, were more likely to have severe microcephaly (38.2% vs 21.1%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.3\u20133.6]) and to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (36.9% vs 6.2%; aOR, 10.9 [95% CI, 6.5\u201318.5]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMV disease is an important contributor to deaths during infancy and childhood and is often associated with severe microcephaly and HIV infection. Improving management of CMV in children with HIV and a vaccine to prevent CMV are needed interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T15:16:03Z","timestamp":1741446963000},"page":"326-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigating the Role of Cytomegalovirus as a Cause of Stillbirths and Child Deaths in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Through Postmortem Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9219-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sithembiso","family":"Velaphi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary J","family":"Madewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Tippett-Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nyanja Health Research Institute , Salima ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianna M","family":"Blau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A","family":"Rogena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Nairobi , Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay G","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Akelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2013Kenya , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dickens","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kisumu County Department of Health , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kephas","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce A","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal\u2013Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Manhi\u00e7a , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]},{"name":"ICREA , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inacio","family":"Mandomando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal\u2013Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Manhi\u00e7a , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio de Sa\u00fade , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Torres-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal\u2013Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4282-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosauro","family":"Varo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal\u2013Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Manhi\u00e7a , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronita","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Sanitation , Freetown ,","place":["Sierra Leone"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Sanitation , Freetown ,","place":["Sierra Leone"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Nwajiobi-Princewill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja , Abuja ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikechukwu Udo","family":"Ogbuanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crown Agents , Freetown ,","place":["Sierra Leone"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Ojulong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP, Columbia University , Makeni ,","place":["Sierra Leone"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shams","family":"El Arifeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S","family":"Gurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0341-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nega","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University , Harar ,","place":["Ethiopia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letta","family":"Gedefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University , Harar ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lola","family":"Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University , Harar ,","place":["Ethiopia"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Anthony G","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henok","family":"Wale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University , Harar ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adama Mamby","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samba O","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 , Bamako ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milagritos D","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Portia","family":"Mutevedzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia G","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabir A","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.02.004","article-title":"Viral infections: contributions to late fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death","volume":"163","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003515","article-title":"Stillbirth associated with infection in a diverse U.S. cohort","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv515","article-title":"Vertical cytomegalovirus transmission from HIV-infected women randomized to formula-feed or breastfeed their infants","volume":"213","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01821.x","article-title":"Role of breast milk in acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"38","author":"Minamishima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1318-1324.2005","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus reactivation during lactation and mother-to-child transmission in preterm infants","volume":"43","author":"Meier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.544","article-title":"New estimates of the prevalence of neurological and sensory sequelae and mortality associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"17","author":"Dollard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004297","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of cytomegalovirus infection in neonates and infants: a systematic review of case reports and pooled analysis","volume":"43","author":"Ong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001047","article-title":"Postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus infection among preterm infants","volume":"37","author":"Puopolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2502","article-title":"Estimates of congenital cytomegalovirus-attributable infant mortality in high-income countries: a review","volume":"34","author":"Grosse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.020","article-title":"Vaccine value profile for cytomegalovirus","volume":"41","author":"Boppana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2022.01.019","article-title":"The long-term burden of congenital cytomegalovirus: hospitalisation and mortality in a population-based matched cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Smithers-Sheedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab453","article-title":"Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus\u2013associated community deaths in Zambian infants","volume":"73","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002586","article-title":"The civil registration system is a potentially viable data source for reliable subnational mortality measurement in India","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005218","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005218","article-title":"Accuracy of verbal autopsy, clinical data and minimally invasive autopsy in the evaluation of malaria-specific mortality: an observational study","volume":"6","author":"Rakislova","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002318","article-title":"Validity of a minimally invasive autopsy for cause of death determination in stillborn babies and neonates in Mozambique: an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Menendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.01.006","article-title":"Burden of child mortality from malaria in high endemic areas: results from the CHAMPS network using minimally invasive tissue sampling","volume":"88","author":"Ogbuanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106341","article-title":"Etiologies and comorbidities of meningitis deaths in children under 5 years in high-mortality settings: insights from the CHAMPS network in the post-pneumococcal vaccine era","volume":"89","author":"Mahtab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S262","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz599","article-title":"Mortality surveillance methods to identify and characterize deaths in Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance network sites","volume":"69","author":"Salzberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e909","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30205-9","article-title":"Initial findings from a novel population-based child mortality surveillance approach: a descriptive study","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2322494","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22494","article-title":"Causes of death among infants and children in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network","volume":"6","author":"Bassat","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001612","article-title":"Causes of death identified in neonates enrolled through Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS), December 2016\u2013December 2021","volume":"3","author":"Mahtab","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S311","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz571","article-title":"Development and implementation of multiplex TaqMan array cards for specimen testing at child health and mortality prevention surveillance site laboratories","volume":"69","author":"Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S333","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz572","article-title":"Overview and development of the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance determination of cause of death (DeCoDe) process and DeCoDe diagnosis standards","volume":"69","author":"Blau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad356","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad356","article-title":"Stillbirths and neonatal deaths caused by group B Streptococcus in Africa and South Asia identified through Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS)","volume":"10","author":"Mahtab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2237689","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.37689","article-title":"Prioritizing health care strategies to reduce childhood mortality","volume":"5","author":"Madewell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00290-2","article-title":"Child deaths caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: a secondary analysis of Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) data","volume":"5","author":"Verani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B27","first-page":"704","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant","author":"Britt","year":"2011","edition":"7th ed"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00328-0","article-title":"Post-mortem investigation of deaths due to pneumonia in children aged 1\u201359 months in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia from 2016 to 2022: an observational study","volume":"8","author":"Mahtab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S361","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz550","article-title":"Potential of minimally invasive tissue sampling for attributing specific causes of childhood deaths in South Africa: a pilot, epidemiological study","volume":"69","author":"Chawana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114870","article-title":"Congenital and postnatal CMV and EBV acquisition in HIV-infected Zimbabwean infants","volume":"9","author":"Gumbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000617","article-title":"Effect of cytomegalovirus infection on breastfeeding transmission of HIV and on the health of infants born to HIV-infected mothers","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0478-6","article-title":"CMV infection in a cohort of HIV-exposed infants born to mothers receiving antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding","volume":"206","author":"Pirillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz019","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and associated risk of in utero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in a high-HIV prevalence setting, South Africa","volume":"69","author":"Pathirana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit766","article-title":"High rates of congenital cytomegalovirus infection linked with maternal HIV infection among neonatal admissions at a large referral center in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"58","author":"Mwaanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis535","article-title":"The effect of prenatal highly active antiretroviral therapy on the transmission of congenital and perinatal\/early postnatal cytomegalovirus among HIV-infected and HIV-exposed infants","volume":"55","author":"Frederick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7196\/sajch.752","article-title":"Characteristics and mortality rate of neonates with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"8","author":"Diar","year":"2014","journal-title":"S Afr J Child Health"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2542-x","article-title":"A hospital-based birth defects surveillance system in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"19","author":"Mumpe-Mwanja","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.01.054","article-title":"Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Cutland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.014","article-title":"Clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging findings predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"163","author":"Alarcon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026031306481188300_ciaf098-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F167","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311199","article-title":"Congenital microcephaly in Quebec: baseline prevalence, risk factors and outcomes in a large cohort of neonates","volume":"103","author":"Auger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf098\/62361387\/ciaf098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/2\/326\/62361387\/ciaf098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/2\/326\/62361387\/ciaf098.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:48:21Z","timestamp":1773398901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/82\/2\/326\/8067372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}