{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T08:46:35Z","timestamp":1766565995582,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is not recommended to perform tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) or interferon-\u03b3 release assays (IGRAs) in the 4 weeks following live-virus vaccination because these vaccines are thought to increase the risk of false-negative results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed TST and IGRA results for 158 484\u2005US-bound immigrant and refugee children aged 2\u201314 years who received a required medical examination and live-virus vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella; oral polio; or varicella) overseas during 2014\u20132022. We created logistic regression models to assess the association between test positivity and vaccination during the critical interval (1\u201328 days after live-virus vaccination) versus after or before, adjusting for sex, age group, country of examination, and other factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The percentage of positive results and the adjusted odds of a positive IGRA result were higher for children tested during the critical interval (4.6%) than for those tested after (3.5%) (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27 [95% confidence interval, 1.13\u20131.43) or before (3.3%) (1.26 [1.13\u20131.41]). The percentage of positive results and the adjusted odds of a positive TST were also higher for children tested during the critical interval (15.7%) than for those tested after (7.2%) (adjusted odds ratio, 2.40 [95% confidence interval, 1.79\u20133.22]) or before (6.6%) (3.81 [2.80\u00ad\u20135.18]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The concern that recent administration of live-virus vaccines leads to false-negative TST and IGRA results is not supported by these findings. Instead, we observed a modest increase in positive results among children tested during the critical postvaccination interval, challenging the need for the testing delay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T19:57:58Z","timestamp":1746043078000},"page":"e378-e384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Live-Virus Vaccines on Tests for Tuberculosis Infection During the US Immigration Medical Examination: Are Vaccines Causing False-Negative Results?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna J","family":"Regan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zanju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina R","family":"Phares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1135624","article-title":"Das verhalten der kutanen tuberkulinreaktion w\u00e4hrend der masern","volume":"34","author":"Pirquet","year":"1908","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021465","article-title":"Impact and longevity of measles-associated immune suppression: a matched cohort study using data from the THIN general practice database in the UK","volume":"8","author":"Gadroen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.33.5.769","article-title":"The depression of tuberculin reactivity during chickenpox","volume":"33","author":"Starr","year":"1964","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196402202700802","article-title":"Effects of measles, gamma-globulin-modified measles and vaccine measles on the tuberculin test","volume":"270","author":"Starr","year":"1964","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196601132740203","article-title":"Effects of live type 1 poliovirus vaccine and other viruses on the tuberculin test","volume":"274","author":"Berkovich","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.43.2.264","article-title":"Effect of measles vaccine on immunologic responsiveness","volume":"43","author":"Fireman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(70)80290-6","article-title":"Depression of tuberculin delayed hypersensitivity by live attenuated mumps virus","volume":"76","author":"Kupers","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13043.x","article-title":"Immunosuppression after measles vaccination","volume":"83","author":"Smedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.3.665","article-title":"Child mortality following standard, medium or high titre measles immunization in West Africa","volume":"25","author":"Knudsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B10"},{"key":"2025122403221498900_ciaf129-B11"},{"volume-title":"Tuberculosis. 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