{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1790139556390,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase susceptibility to future pulmonary infections. Given the sheer number of individuals infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, increased prevalence of future pulmonary infections could be a public health concern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether COVID-19 is associated with increased incidence of future pneumonia. In an urban population in Montefiore Health System in the Bronx between 1 March 2020 and 31 January 2024, there were 64 376 patients with a history of COVID-19, 1.2 million patients without (controls), and 8468 patients with influenza without COVID-19. Controls were propensity matched. Multivariate Cox adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) accounting for confounders were calculated. Outcomes were also analyzed with respect to comorbid conditions, median incomes, insurance status, and unmet social needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospitalized (aHR, 3.69 [95% CI, 3.29\u20134.15]) and nonhospitalized (aHR, 1.40 [1.27\u20131.55]) patients with COVID-19 had higher risks of future pneumonia than controls. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experienced more recurrent pneumonia episodes than nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19 (2.3 vs 1.93 cases per patient, respectively; P &amp;lt; .05), who also had a higher rate of recurrence than the control group (1.71 cases per patient). Individuals on Medicaid (aHR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.26\u00ad\u20131.55]) or Medicare (2.39 [2.12\u00ad\u20132.69]) (relative to private insurance) and those with unmet social needs (aHR, 1.34 [1.12\u20131.60]) were at even higher risks of outcomes. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 had a higher adjusted risk of outcomes than patients with influenza (aHR, 2.89 [95% CI, 2.26\u20133.69]). Risks of outcomes varied by COVID-19 variants\/waves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 is associated with a higher risk of new-onset pneumonia. Patients with lower socioeconomic status or unmet needs were at higher risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T07:35:32Z","timestamp":1750750532000},"page":"1041-1049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Long-Term Risk of Pneumonia in an Urban Population: An Observational Cohort Study up to 46 Months After Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Katie S","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonya S","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim Q","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020907372495000_ciaf345-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026020907372495000_ciaf345-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05003","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.05003","article-title":"What are the risk factors for death among children with pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries? 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