{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:23:11Z","timestamp":1792221791710,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A publicly funded 4CMenB program has been implemented in South Australia since 2018. We aimed to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine impact on invasive meningococcal B (MenB) disease and gonococcal infections 5 years after the program introduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccine impact was assessed using a Poisson or negative binomial regression model, and VE was estimated using both cohort screening and case-control methods. VE against the subsequent gonococcal infection was measured using a Cox regression model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative reductions of 72.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.0%\u201388.0%) and 76.2% (41.6%\u201390.3%) in the incidence of MenB disease were observed in infants aged &amp;lt;1 year and adolescents aged 15\u201318 years, respectively. VE against MenB disease for the 3-dose schedule was 98.5% (95% CI, 81.9%\u201399.9%) in children and 92.3% (34.3%\u201399.1%) for the 2-dose vaccination in adolescents. VE for 2-dose vaccination against gonococcal infections in adolescents was 39.1% (95% CI, 31.3%\u201346.0%). Lower VE estimates were demonstrated in those &amp;gt;5 years compared to within 5 years since vaccination (\u22126.3% (95% CI, \u221244.5% to 21.8%) vs 41.8% (34.0%\u201348.7%). The VE against the subsequent gonococcal infection was 27.0% (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.730 [95% CI, .540\u2013.988]), comparing fully vaccinated with unvaccinated case patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4CMenB demonstrates high protection against MenB disease in children and adolescents at 5 years. Moderate protection against the first and subsequent gonococcal infections in adolescents was observed up to 5 years after vaccination, with waning evident after 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:23:40Z","timestamp":1752254620000},"page":"e202-e210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Long-Term Protection Against Invasive Meningococcal B Disease and Gonococcal Infection 5 Years After Implementation of Funded Childhood and Adolescent 4CMenB Vaccination Program in South Australia: An Observational Cohort and Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynne","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabha","family":"Andraweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Beazley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Almond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Lally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110901585512600_ciaf372-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.020","article-title":"Case fatality rates of invasive meningococcal disease by serogroup and age: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"19 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