{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:18:39Z","timestamp":1791497919206,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium"},{"name":"Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Units"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI148689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI148689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pathogens infecting humans continue to emerge or reemerge to cause outbreaks and widespread disease. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has funded Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Units (VTEUs) for more than 50 years. VTEUs perform clinical studies to assess the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines and other interventions to mitigate the impact of emerging and ongoing infectious diseases. Here, we review clinical studies conducted in the VTEUs since 2000 that have addressed emerging pathogens and other infectious agents with pandemic potential or of bioterrorism concern. The studies conducted range from phase 1 to phase 3 clinical trials, and they have included vaccines, therapeutics, and epidemiological studies. The results of the trials have guided national and often international recommendations for treatment and prevention of many of the evaluated pathogens, culminating in coronavirus disease 2019 studies that began within three months of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 identification. The VTEU network continues to be a critical public health resource for addressing emerging pathogens and expediting the development of safe and effective vaccines and treatments to protect at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:21:57Z","timestamp":1760113317000},"page":"S89-S102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emerging and Pandemic Pathogens: Lessons Learned From a Clinical Research Network"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L","family":"Atmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Virology & Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getahun","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2574-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan E","family":"Deming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, The University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis VA Medical Center , St. Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten E","family":"Lyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, The University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodruff Health Sciences Center , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana M","family":"El Sahly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Molecular Virology & Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-177","article-title":"Rapid research response to the 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza pandemic (revised)","volume":"6","author":"Keitel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.083","article-title":"Phase II trial in adults of concurrent or sequential 2009 pandemic H1N1 and 2009\u20132010 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccinations","volume":"33","author":"Frey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.044","article-title":"Phase 2 assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of two 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A phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"1","author":"Mulligan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00475-15","article-title":"Persistence of antibody to influenza A\/H5N1 vaccine virus: impact of AS03 adjuvant","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167488","article-title":"Cell-based systems biology analysis of human AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 avian influenza vaccine responses: a phase I randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101012215098800_ciaf380-B30","first-page":"10.1002\/pmic.201600453","article-title":"Proteomics show antigen presentation processes in human immune cells after AS03-H5N1 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