{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:30:15Z","timestamp":1793277015678,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007671","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n y la Prevenci\u00f3n del Sida en Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12185\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12185\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007671","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n y la Prevenci\u00f3n del Sida en Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12689\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12689\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0025\/0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0025\/0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0025\/0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0025\/0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GLD14-00279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLD14-00279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has significantly impacted people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Harm reduction programs, changing transmission patterns, and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have profoundly altered HIV\/HCV coinfection trends. This study evaluates HCV prevalence among people with HIV in Spain over 2 decades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 9 cross-sectional studies (2002\u20132023) in 39\u201343 centers. Sampled individuals were randomly sampled from people with HIV actively followed up at these centers, with proportional allocation. Main outcomes included the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody and active HCV infection (HCV RNA\u00ad\u2013positive result).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reference population ranged from 31 800 to 47 006, with sample sizes of 1260\u20131867. HIV transmission patterns shifted from 2002 to 2023, with injection drug use decreasing from 55% to 21% and the proportion of men who have sex with men increasing from 17% to 46%. HCV seroprevalence fell from 60.8% to 27.4%, and active infection from 46.3% to 0.9%. In the DAA era (2015\u20132023), active HCV infection dropped by 100% in heterosexuals, 94% in people who inject drugs, and 71% in men who have sex with men. Treatment uptake increased from 23% in 2002 to 99% by 2023 with all-oral DAAs. The prevalence of cirrhosis among active HCV cases peaked at 23.1% in 2015 but fell to 0% by 2021. Among those achieving sustained virologic response, cirrhosis prevalence was 20.4% in 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV\/HCV coinfection has drastically declined in Spain, with active HCV infection prevalence &amp;lt;1% since 2021. DAAs were pivotal in this achievement. However, cirrhosis remains a concern among those with sustained virologic response. Ongoing surveillance and prevention efforts are essential to sustain these gains and address residual risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T11:27:33Z","timestamp":1753183653000},"page":"e511-e520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Trends in Hepatitis C Virus Infection Prevalence Among People With HIV in Spain Over 2 Decades (2002\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Berenguer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Fanciulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda M","family":"Arcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital La Paz (IdiPAZ) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda J","family":"Vivancos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santa Creu I Sant Pau , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Hernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Barrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Cl\u00ednico San Carlos , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico de San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Vall D\u2019Hebr\u00f3n , Barcelona 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,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-5394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Montero-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe , Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar L","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Basurto , Bilbao ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroa","family":"Villoslada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Son Ll\u00e0tzer , Palma de Mallorca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefa F","family":"Soler-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital 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with men","volume":"228","author":"Fierer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031619523934200_ciaf407-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad401","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad401","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Traeger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026031619523934200_ciaf407-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1403619","article-title":"Therapy of hepatitis C\u2014back to the future","volume":"370","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031619523934200_ciaf407-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29814","article-title":"All-oral direct-acting antiviral therapy against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus\/HCV-coinfected subjects in real-world practice: Madrid coinfection registry findings","volume":"68","author":"Berenguer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026031619523934200_ciaf407-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30301-5","article-title":"HCV micro-elimination in individuals with HIV in the Netherlands 4 years after universal access to direct-acting antivirals: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Smit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026031619523934200_ciaf407-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00267-9","article-title":"Changes in incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection and access to direct-acting antiviral therapies in people with HIV from six countries, 2010\u201319: an analysis of data from a consortium of prospective cohort studies","volume":"11","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet 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