{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1792466979812,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These recommendations address the empiric choice of antibiotics in suspected complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI). Issues to balance include the need for appropriate initial empiric antimicrobial therapy, the patient's severity of illness, and antimicrobial stewardship concerns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The panel's recommendations are based upon evidence derived from systematic literature reviews that focused on comparative benefits and harms of classes of antibiotics approved for cUTI, starting with publications from 2008 onwards, and our review of predictors of resistance in uropathogens included references identified since 2000. These recommendations adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The guidelines panel suggests initially selecting among preferred empiric antibiotic choices rather than alternative options, stratified for the patient's severity of illness and antimicrobial stewardship considerations. When choosing among these antibiotics for a specific patient, the guideline panel suggests a 4-step process to account for changing resistance patterns and individualized patient needs. The steps are: (1) assess the severity of illness (for initial prioritization of antibiotics), (2) consider patient-specific risk factors for resistant uropathogens (for optimization of coverage), (3) evaluate other patient-specific considerations (to reduce the risk of adverse events), and (4) for patients with sepsis, consult a relevant local antibiogram if available (to further improve the likelihood of giving appropriate empiric therapy). Lastly, the guideline panel suggests selecting definitive effective therapy with a targeted spectrum based on the result of the urine culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many of the classes of antibiotics approved to treat cUTI demonstrate similar efficacy as other classes of antibiotics in randomized controlled trials. Bacterial resistance prevalence is always changing, and new antibiotics will be developed. In this context, the guidelines panel provides recommendations for choosing empiric antibiotic therapy for cUTI that will help clinicians decide among available antibiotic options at the point of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:05:30Z","timestamp":1765458330000},"page":"i36-i67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Clinical Practice Guidelines by Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2025 Guideline on Management and Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections\u2013Selection of Antibiotic Therapy for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara W","family":"Trautner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s W","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Penfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston VA Health Care System, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Horstman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center , Los Angeles, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Colgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"O\u2019Horo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad S","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planned Parenthood of Orange and San Bernardino Counties , Orange, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Drekonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Section, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Grigoryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Huttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gweneth B","family":"Lazenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Nicolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba School of Medicine , Winnipeg, Manitoba ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1324-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigal","family":"Yawetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ry","family":"Lavergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Affairs and Practice Guidelines, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) , Arlington, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz021","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"68","author":"Nicolle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis534","article-title":"The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections: to treat or not to treat?","volume":"55","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1086\/514502","article-title":"Antecedent antimicrobial use increases the risk of uncomplicated cystitis in young women","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad010","article-title":"Discordant clinical and microbiological outcomes are associated with late clinical relapse in clinical trials for complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"76","author":"Kadry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciae403","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae403","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections [manuscript published online ahead of print 7 August 2024]","author":"Tamma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1063","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005337","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2502-x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime and ertapenem for the treatment of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"17","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702002000500001","article-title":"A multicenter comparative study of cefepime versus broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy in moderate and severe bacterial infections","volume":"6","author":"Badar\u00f3","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17034","article-title":"Effect of cefepime\/enmetazobactam vs piperacillin\/tazobactam on clinical cure and microbiological eradication in patients with complicated urinary tract infection or acute pyelonephritis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"328","author":"Kaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30796-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cefiderocol or best available therapy for the treatment of serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CREDIBLE-CR): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, pathogen-focused, descriptive, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30554-1","article-title":"Cefiderocol versus imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative uropathogens: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial","volume":"18","author":"Portsmouth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00407-2","article-title":"The clinical and microbiological efficacy of temocillin versus cefotaxime in adults with febrile urinary tract infection, and its effects on the intestinal microbiota: a randomised multicentre clinical trial in Sweden","volume":"22","author":"Edlund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00112-X","article-title":"Treatment of urinary tract infections: selecting an appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic for nosocomial infections","volume":"100","author":"Sharifi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B14","author":"FDA Package insert for FORTAZ (ceftazidime for injection)"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30004-4","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam or best available therapy in patients with ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa complicated urinary tract infections or complicated intra-abdominal infections (REPRISE): a randomised, pathogen-directed, phase 3 study","volume":"16","author":"Carmeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw378","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam versus doripenem for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis: RECAPTURE, a phase 3 randomized trial program","volume":"63","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.748653","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam versus imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis, in hospitalized adults: results of a prospective, investigator-blinded, randomized study","volume":"28","author":"Vazquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62220-0","article-title":"Ceftolozane-tazobactam compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary-tract infections, including pyelonephritis: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ASPECT-cUTI)","volume":"385","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37277","article-title":"Effectiveness of fosfomycin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli bacteremic urinary tract infections: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Sojo-Dorado","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2012.27.5.476","article-title":"Comparison of ertapenem and ceftriaxone therapy for acute pyelonephritis and other complicated urinary tract infections in Korean adults: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz181","article-title":"Fosfomycin for injection (ZTI-01) versus piperacillin-tazobactam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection including acute pyelonephritis: ZEUS, a phase 2\/3 randomized trial","volume":"69","author":"Kaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx139","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, double-blind, phase 2 dose-ranging study comparing efficacy and safety of imipenem\/cilastatin plus relebactam with imipenem\/cilastatin alone in patients with complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"72","author":"Sims","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801467","article-title":"Once-daily plazomicin for complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"380","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0438","article-title":"Effect of meropenem-vaborbactam vs piperacillin-tazobactam on clinical cure or improvement and microbial eradication in complicated urinary tract infection: the TANGO I randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Kaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01989-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01989-17","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study of the efficacy and safety of plazomicin compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection and acute pyelonephritis","volume":"62","author":"Connolly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257","article-title":"International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01664-3","article-title":"A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone followed by appropriate oral therapy for complicated urinary tract infections in adults","volume":"60","author":"Jimenez-Cruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.2895-2900.2002","article-title":"Ertapenem versus ceftriaxone followed by appropriate oral therapy for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections in adults: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study","volume":"46","author":"Tomera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B29","first-page":"ii67","article-title":"Treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in adults: combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, multicentre trials comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone followed by appropriate oral therapy","volume":"53 Suppl 2","author":"Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.19.1.19","article-title":"Short-term effectiveness of ceftriaxone single dose in the initial treatment of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women. A randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Sanchez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B31"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B32","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Experience with ciprofloxacin in vitro and in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Giamarellou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/15.6.759","article-title":"Enoxacin treatment of urinary tract infections","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B34","author":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00837-08","article-title":"Intravenous doripenem at 500 milligrams versus levofloxacin at 250 milligrams, with an option to switch to oral therapy, for treatment of complicated lower urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis","volume":"53","author":"Naber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw053","article-title":"Efficacy of ceftolozane\/tazobactam versus levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) caused by levofloxacin-resistant pathogens: results from the ASPECT-cUTI trial","volume":"71","author":"Huntington","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.160148","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infections in patients with pyelonephritis, United States(1)","volume":"22","author":"Talan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.02.003","article-title":"Risk factors for quinolone-resistance in women presenting with Escherichia coli acute pyelonephritis","volume":"44","author":"Bedoin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae004","article-title":"Determining a urinary-specific antibiogram and risk factors of trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and multidrug resistance among Enterobacterales in primary care","volume":"79","author":"Valentine-King","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.04.039","article-title":"Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in outpatient urinary Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"121","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115717","article-title":"Increased rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolates in patients hospitalized with culture-positive urinary Enterobacterales in the United States: 2011\u20132020","volume":"103","author":"Aronin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115016","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infection: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2012\u20132017)","volume":"97","author":"Pfaller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767070-00006","article-title":"Comparative review of the carbapenems","volume":"67","author":"Zhanel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00296-11","article-title":"Carbapenems: past, present, and future","volume":"55","author":"Papp-Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.03.022","article-title":"Recent updates of carbapenem antibiotics","volume":"131","author":"El-Gamal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01676-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment options for difficult-to-treat resistant gram-negative Bacteria causing cystitis, pyelonephritis, and prostatitis: a narrative review","volume":"82","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B47","author":"Texas Department of State Health Services"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B48","first-page":"1427","article-title":"An overview of cefiderocol's therapeutic potential and underlying resistance mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Domingues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B49","author":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm193","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of aminoglycoside monotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B51","first-page":"458","article-title":"Aminoglycoside versus carbapenem or piperacillin\/tazobactam treatment for bloodstream infections of urinary source caused by Gram-negative ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"75","author":"Zohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa369","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of an institutional aminoglycoside-based regimen as empirical treatment of patients with pyelonephritis","volume":"75","author":"Elbaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.7.1549","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Rybak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B54","first-page":"2021-vol3","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and single-dose administration of aminoglycoside in the Emergency Department: a comparison through propensity score matching","volume":"38","author":"Venturini","year":"2021","journal-title":"G Ital Nefrol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.435","article-title":"Outcomes of high-dose oral beta-lactam definitive therapy compared to fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole oral therapy for bacteremia secondary to a urinary tract infection","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.80621","article-title":"Comparative-effectiveness of oral beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones for stepdown therapy in patients with enterobacterales bloodstream infections: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Bjork","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B57","author":"AUGMENTIN (amoxicillin\/clavulanate potassium) FDA package insert"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B58"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx376","article-title":"Highly variable absorption of clavulanic acid during the day: a population pharmacokinetic analysis","volume":"73","author":"De Velde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae193","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae193","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of intravenous and oral antibiotic stepdown strategies for gram-negative complicated urinary tract infection with bacteremia","volume":"11","author":"Veillette","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280221106789","article-title":"Use of fluoroquinolones or sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim compared to beta-lactams for oral step-down therapy in hospitalized patients with uncomplicated enterobacterales bacteremia","volume":"57","author":"Mack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.10.004","article-title":"Highly versus less bioavailable oral antibiotics in the treatment of gram-negative bloodstream infections: a propensity-matched cohort analysis","volume":"29","author":"Mponponsuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020166","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.20166","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-lactam antibiotics vs fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for definitive treatment of enterobacterales bacteremia from a urine source","volume":"3","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxac202","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-lactams vs fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole for step-down therapy for Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia","volume":"80","author":"McAlister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad657","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad657","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for definitive treatment of uncomplicated Escherichia coli or Klebsiella species bacteremia from a urinary tract source","volume":"11","author":"Alzaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.013","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral antibiotics for definitive therapy of Gram-negative bloodstream infections","volume":"48","author":"Kutob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.026","article-title":"Oral antibiotics for the treatment of Gram-negative bloodstream infections: a retrospective comparison of three antibiotic classes","volume":"20","author":"Nisly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.12.007","article-title":"Retrospective analysis comparing oral stepdown therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections: fluoroquinolones versus \u03b2-lactams","volume":"51","author":"Mercuro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4065\/74.2.187","article-title":"The cephalosporins","volume":"74","author":"Marshall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106560","article-title":"Comparing outcomes among outpatients treated for pyelonephritis with oral cephalosporins versus first-line agents","volume":"59","author":"Fosse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0996-6","article-title":"Ceftibuten versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for oral treatment of febrile urinary tract infection in children","volume":"24","author":"M\u00e5rild","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401750173922","article-title":"Fewer bacterial relapses after oral treatment with norfloxacin than with ceftibuten in acute pyelonephritis initially treated with intravenous cefuroxime","volume":"33","author":"Cronberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B73","author":"CEFTIN (cefuroxime axetil) FDA package insert"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0274194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274194","article-title":"A retrospective review of oral cephalosporins versus fluoroquinolones for the treatment of pyelonephritis","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05498-2","article-title":"Oral beta-lactam step down in bacteremic E. coli urinary tract infections","volume":"20","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B76","author":"CIPRO (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) FDA package insert"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.12.1583","article-title":"Comparison of ciprofloxacin (7 days) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14 days) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis pyelonephritis in women: a randomized trial","volume":"283","author":"Talan","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.09.002","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized comparison of levofloxacin 750 mg once-daily for five days with ciprofloxacin 400\/500 mg twice-daily for 10 days for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and acute pyelonephritis","volume":"71","author":"Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363240-00008","article-title":"Levofloxacin: a review of its use in the treatment of bacterial infections in the United States","volume":"63","author":"Croom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B80","author":"BACTRIM (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim double strength tablets) FDA package insert"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz364","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz364","article-title":"Oral fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. \u00df-lactams as step-down therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Punjabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6226","article-title":"Association of 30-day mortality with oral step-down vs continued intravenous therapy in patients hospitalized with Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia","volume":"179","author":"Tamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01638-15","article-title":"Two simple rules for improving the accuracy of empiric treatment of multidrug-resistant urinary tract infections","volume":"59","author":"Linsenmeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.80","article-title":"Cefpodoxime vs ciprofloxacin for short-course treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis: a randomized trial","volume":"307","author":"Hooton","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520250057034","article-title":"Randomized comparative trial and cost analysis of 3-day antimicrobial regimens for treatment of acute cystitis in women","volume":"273","author":"Hooton","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad009","article-title":"Defining the optimal duration of therapy for hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infections and associated bacteremia","volume":"76","author":"McAteer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab620","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab620","article-title":"Fosfomycin vs ertapenem for outpatient treatment of complicated urinary tract infections: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Wald-Dickler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167723","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01677-23","article-title":"Daily fosfomycin versus levofloxacin for complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Rouphael","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.035","article-title":"How I manage bacterial prostatitis","volume":"29","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106106","article-title":"Fosfomycin for bacterial prostatitis: a review","volume":"56","author":"Kwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000597","article-title":"The role of fosfomycin for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections","volume":"32","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2138691","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38691","article-title":"The role of intravenous fosfomycin: finding our way out of Dante's forest dark","volume":"5","author":"Tamma","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz394","article-title":"Omadacycline: a modernized tetracycline","volume":"69","author":"Gallagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B94","first-page":"S827","article-title":"1687. Omadacycline in female adults with acute pyelonephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, adaptive phase 2 study","volume":"7","author":"Overcash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02083-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02083-18","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical outcomes of omadacycline in women with cystitis: results from a phase 1b study","volume":"63","author":"Overcash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105462","article-title":"Oral tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide in complicated urinary tract infection","volume":"386","author":"Eckburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01688-1","article-title":"Sulopenem: an intravenous and oral penem for the treatment of urinary tract infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"82","author":"Zhanel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac704","article-title":"Sulopenem for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis: a phase 3, randomized trial","volume":"76","author":"Dunne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw118","article-title":"Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","volume":"62","author":"Barlam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02176-12","article-title":"Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix680","article-title":"Empirical antibiotic treatment does not improve outcomes in catheter-associated urinary tract infection: prospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Babich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2014.04.009","article-title":"Influence of inadequate antimicrobial therapy on prognosis in elderly patients with severe urinary tract infections","volume":"25","author":"Esparcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2022.2123039","article-title":"Community-onset urosepsis: incidence and risk factors for 30-day mortality\u2014a retrospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Holmbom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B105","first-page":"5","article-title":"Factors affecting inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy and the clinical course of upper urinary tract infections in elderly patients: a multicenter study","volume":"9","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediterr J Infect Microb Antimicrob"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.06.003","article-title":"Epidemiology and prognostic determinants of bacteraemic catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in a single institution from 1991 to 2010","volume":"67","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114891","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy for complicated urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections in Winnipeg hospitals","volume":"96","author":"Righolt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.06.014","article-title":"Prognosis of urinary tract infection caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: the impact of inappropriate empirical treatment","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.027","article-title":"The association of adequate empirical treatment and time to recovery from bacteraemic urinary tract infections: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Wiggers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt177","article-title":"Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection\u2014 7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"68","author":"Eliakim-Raz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13776","article-title":"Inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment in older people with bacteremic urinary tract infection who reside in nursing homes: a multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"19","author":"G\u00f3mez Belda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12089","article-title":"Healthcare-associated, community-acquired and hospital-acquired bacteraemic urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients: a prospective multicentre cohort study in the era of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"19","author":"Horcajada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03528-9","article-title":"Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy does not adversely affect the clinical outcomes of patients with acute pyelonephritis caused by extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriales","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0795-y","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Marquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00627-10","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","article-title":"Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Seymour","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/L18-0291","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of the quick sequential organ failure assessment for mortality in patients with suspected infection","volume":"169","author":"Fernando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0243741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243741","article-title":"Predictive utility of prior positive urine culture of extended- spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing strains","volume":"15","author":"Almomani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00202-16","article-title":"Predicting antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infection patients with prior urine cultures","volume":"60","author":"Dickstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu588","article-title":"Predictive utility of prior positive urine cultures","volume":"59","author":"MacFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003744","article-title":"Predicting antibiotic susceptibility among patients with recurrent urinary tract infection using a prior culture","volume":"211","author":"Valentine-King","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X514765","article-title":"Predictive value of antimicrobial susceptibility from previous urinary tract infection in the treatment of re-infection","volume":"60","author":"Vellinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.11.009","article-title":"Algorithms using previous resistance, prior antimicrobial prescriptions, and patient place of residence enhance empirical therapy for women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections","volume":"137","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.08.036","article-title":"Algorithms to enhance empiric antimicrobial choice for outpatients with afebrile complicated cystitis reflects importance of status of the urinary tract and patient place of residence","volume":"145","author":"Cooley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.10.023","article-title":"Prediction of trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole resistance in community-onset urinary tract infections","volume":"21","author":"DeMarsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0393-y","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms and association with 1-year mortality, readmission, and length of stay in Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders","volume":"58","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.225","article-title":"Clinical and molecular characterization of community-onset urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"37","author":"Anesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.030","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the long-term care setting","volume":"119","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14545","article-title":"High prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant UTI among US emergency department patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection, 2018\u20132020","volume":"29","author":"Faine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy357","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy357","article-title":"Risk factors for community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections-A retrospective study of symptomatic urinary tract infections","volume":"6","author":"Goyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4212\/cjhp.v71i2.1862","article-title":"Urosepsis due to extended-spectrum \u00df-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a retrospective, single-centre review of risk factors and clinical outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.09.030","article-title":"High rates of quinolone resistance among urinary tract infections in the ED","volume":"30","author":"Khawcharoenporn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D622","article-title":"Risk factors for community-acquired ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli urinary tract infection","volume":"38","author":"Killgore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.047","article-title":"Factors associated with ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli urinary tract infections in discharged ED patients","volume":"33","author":"Kratochwill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.05.023","article-title":"Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacilli causing healthcare-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"76","author":"Rattanaumpawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00677-x","article-title":"Development of a prediction model for antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections using integrated electronic health records from multiple clinics in North-Central Florida","volume":"11","author":"Rich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02313-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02313-16","article-title":"Application of fluoroquinolone resistance score in management of complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"61","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-014-0039-y","article-title":"Temporal trends and risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in adults with catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Spadafino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz164","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz164","article-title":"A clinical prediction tool for extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in community-onset enterobacterales urinary tract infection","volume":"6","author":"Weinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967260","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2967260","article-title":"The clinical significance of high antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"2020","author":"Zavala-Cerna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab060","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab060","article-title":"The antibiogram: key considerations for its development and utilization","volume":"3","author":"Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad467","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of hospital antibiograms in predicting the risk of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates: a nationwide multicenter evaluation at the veterans health administration","volume":"77","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B143","volume-title":"Analysis and presentation of cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility test data","author":"Hindler","year":"2022","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2024.28","article-title":"Impact of a syndrome-based stewardship intervention on antipseudomonal beta-lactam use, antimicrobial resistance, C. difficile rates, and cost in a safety-net community hospital","volume":"4","author":"Mena Lora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578719844171","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic utilization in an emergency department after implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist culture review service","volume":"55","author":"Giruzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"2026082412171853000_ciaf460-B146","volume-title":"Do no harm guide: collecting, analyzing, and reporting gender and sexual orientation data","author":"Schwabish","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf460\/66039500\/ciaf460.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/Supplement_3\/i36\/66039500\/ciaf460.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/Supplement_3\/i36\/66039500\/ciaf460.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:17:37Z","timestamp":1787588257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/82\/Supplement_3\/i36\/8384446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}