{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:19:33Z","timestamp":1787761173415,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI147309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI147309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH115769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH115769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009992","name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Benke Family Gift"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"University of Pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRF15240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRF15240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Molecular Profiling and Computational Biology Core of the University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007812","name":"University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fred Hutch Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30 AI027757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI027757"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017973","name":"IMPAACT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017973","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275201800001I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201800001I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IMPAACT Leadership and Operations Center","award":["UM1AI068616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068616"]}]},{"name":"IMPAACT Statistical and Data Management Center","award":["UM1AI106716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI106716"]}]},{"name":"IMPAACT Laboratory Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001316","name":"Abbott","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019718","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019720","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We hypothesized that HIV-dolutegravir resistance is more frequent when coadministered with nucleos(t)ides with shorter intracellular half-lives. Multivariable analysis of 183 viremic (\u2265200 c\/mL) participants from 4 cohorts (N = 660 participants) found dolutegravir resistance in 21 (11.5%). Dolutegravir resistance was greater with dolutegravir + lamivudine + zidovudine\/(1 on stavudine) (odds ratio [OR] = 19.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.1\u201374.3) or dolutegravir + lamivudine +abacavir (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.1\u201325.8), compared with dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T11:59:39Z","timestamp":1756555179000},"page":"592-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HIV Resistance to Dolutegravir Varies With Coadministered Agents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid A","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3716-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceejay L","family":"Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1552-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marley D","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa R","family":"Oldroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6355-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amashnee","family":"Saimen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kholofelo Mn","family":"Ramarope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Hitchcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolette M","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loice","family":"Mbogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Global Assistance Program-Kenya, Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavna H","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8462-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Maheria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine - Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Oyaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovations Kenya , Kisumu ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science , Amherst, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4116-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean S","family":"Brummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9569-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul K","family":"Drain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey S","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Abuogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado , Denver, Colorado ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9893-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rena C","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8575-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carey","family":"Farquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Wiznia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYC Health and Hospitals\/Jacobi Medical Center , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1105-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore D","family":"Ruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa M","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa202","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa202","article-title":"Emergent resistance to dolutegravir among INSTI-naive patients on first-line or second-line antiretroviral therapy: a review of published cases","volume":"7","author":"Cevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030399","article-title":"Prevalence of emergent dolutegravir resistance mutations in people living with HIV: a rapid scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00092-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"9","author":"Paton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e733","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00228-X","article-title":"HIV-1 drug resistance in people on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative cohort analysis","volume":"10","author":"Loosli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00044-3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in infants and children with HIV-1 (IMPAACT P1093): results of an open-label, phase 1-2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Ruel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00191-2","article-title":"Point-of-care HIV viral load and targeted drug resistance mutation testing versus standard care for Kenyan children on antiretroviral therapy (Opt4Kids): an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00155-3","article-title":"Virological outcomes and genotypic resistance on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy versus standard of care in children and adolescents: a secondary analysis of the ODYSSEY trial","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010029","article-title":"Virological findings and treatment outcomes of cases that developed dolutegravir resistance in Malawi's national HIV treatment program","volume":"16","author":"Kanise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404597","article-title":"Second-line antiretroviral therapy for children living with HIV in Africa","volume":"392","author":"Musiime","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01626-06","article-title":"Intracellular pharmacokinetics of once versus twice daily zidovudine and lamivudine in adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00021","article-title":"Intracellular carbovir triphosphate levels in patients taking abacavir once a day","volume":"16","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B12","author":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936010-00004","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of lamivudine","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00157-11","article-title":"Dolutegravir (S\/GSK1349572) exhibits significantly slower dissociation than raltegravir and elvitegravir from wild-type and integrase inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 integrase-DNA complexes","volume":"55","author":"Hightower","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026043013111426900_ciaf481-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443090-00003","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics","volume":"43","author":"Kearney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf481\/64196686\/ciaf481.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/4\/592\/64196686\/ciaf481.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/4\/592\/64196686\/ciaf481.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:11:19Z","timestamp":1777569079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/82\/4\/592\/8246366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]}}}