{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:55:53Z","timestamp":1780322153412,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck & Co., Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critical gaps exist in our understanding of the progression from anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to same-type HPV-associated anal disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 randomized 4-valent HPV vaccine trial (NCT00090285) to assess the natural progression of anal HPV infections to associated anal lesions among MSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 602 HIV-negative MSM aged 16\u201327 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV-negative MSM aged 16\u201327 years enrolled in the placebo arm from 18 countries were included. We estimated the distribution of 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccine types in intra-anal lesions (anal condyloma and anal intraepithelial neoplasia [AIN] 1\u20133), proportions and rates of progression from incident-persistent (no associated anal disease at baseline) intra-anal HPV infections to the same-type HPV-associated anal lesion, and cumulative incidence over 30 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Predominant 9vHPV types detected were HPV6 (55.7%) and HPV11 (25.3%) in MSM with anal condyloma\/AIN1, and HPV6 (30.5%), HPV16 (22.0%), and HPV11 (15.3%) in those with pooled AIN2\/3. Progression from incident-persistent intra-anal 9vHPV infection to anal disease was driven primarily by HPV6, HPV11, and HPV16\/18 infections for MSM with anal condyloma\/AIN1 (63.0%, 85.7%, and 16.3%, respectively) and AIN2\/3 (25.9%, 14.3%, and 32.4%, respectively). Cumulative incidence of anal condyloma\/AIN1 and AIN2\/3 in MSM with incident-persistent infection was 43.1% and 34.4%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high proportion of unvaccinated HIV-negative MSM with a new intra-anal 9vHPV infection developed same-type HPV-associated anal disease. These findings support HPV vaccination of young HIV-negative MSM to prevent anal HPV infection and associated anal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00090285.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:55:44Z","timestamp":1761656144000},"page":"e616-e625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection Progression to Disease Among Men Who Have Sex With Men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel M","family":"Palefsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 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