{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:08:40Z","timestamp":1788390520760,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Control"},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment"},{"name":"TKI Health Holland","award":["LSHM23014-SGF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSHM23014-SGF"]}]},{"name":"Amsterdam Diner Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) at higher CD4 cell counts is associated with reduced non-AIDS-defining malignancy (NADM) risk. We studied whether starting ART within 1 year after acquiring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reduces this risk while also adjusting for socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included individuals (\u226518 years) from the Dutch national ATHENA cohort diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and having started ART between 2000 and 2022 without prior NADM with \u22656 months of follow-up. \u201cEarly ART\u201d initiators were defined as starting ART &amp;lt;365 days following a negative HIV test or primary HIV infection, all others as \u201clate-ART\u201d starters. Hazard ratios (HR) for NADM were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for a priori selected confounders (age, sex at birth, smoking, alcohol use, calendar time, HIV transmission route, region of origin, nadir CD4 cell count, HIV-1 viral copy-years), and socioeconomic status (SES) using data from Statistics Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to \u201clate-ART\u201d (n = 17 965) participants, \u201cearly-ART\u201d participants (n = 1858) were younger (median 34.8 vs 39.0 years), with a higher nadir CD4 count (median 478 vs 260\u2005cells\/\u00b5L). NADM were diagnosed in 25 \u201cearly-ART\u201d and 869 \u201clate-ART\u201d starters resulting in an incidence rate of 2.22\/1000 person-years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50\u20133.28) and 4.87\/1000 PY (95% CI = 4.56\u20135.21), respectively. \u201cEarly-ART\u201d initiation was associated with a reduced risk of any NADM (HR = 0.60 [95% CI = .40\u2013.91]) and infection-unrelated NADM (HR = 0.60 [95% CI = .37\u2013.98]), but not of infection-related NADM (HR = 0.58 [95% CI = .27\u20131.28]). Additional adjustment for SES only minimally changed the hazard ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Starting ART within 1 year of HIV acquisition is associated with a reduced NADM risk compared to starting ART later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:27:57Z","timestamp":1762648077000},"page":"762-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Earlier Initiation of Treatment Following HIV Acquisition Reduces Non-AIDS-defining Malignancy Risk"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris A J","family":"van der Wulp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Program , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health, Aging and Later Life & Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases Programs , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2066-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinand W N M","family":"Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Program , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Stichting HIV Monitoring , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vita W","family":"Jongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Program , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Stichting HIV Monitoring , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4791-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kees","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Program , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Richel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile F","family":"Schippers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Teaching Hospital , the Hague ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitte","family":"van Twillert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep , Alkmaar ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Program , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health, Aging and Later Life & Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases Programs , Amsterdam ,","place":["The 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