{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:00:02Z","timestamp":1779361202087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dozens of over-the-counter tests offer to evaluate users for an array of contagious illnesses, including sexually transmitted infections, acute respiratory infections like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza, and complicated chronic infections like Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Diagnosing any of these conditions in a home setting raises both logistical and ethical issues that may prevent home testing from becoming the public health benefit its advocates envision. Over the last century, early home tests such as the first urine glucose screening tests for diabetes and the first home pregnancy tests generated very similar expectations of substantial public health benefits. These tests helped many individual patients, but neither proved to be a particularly effective public health tool. Home testing for contagious illness raises additional issues of quarantine, contact tracing, and treatment that are yet to be addressed in any systematic way. The widespread enthusiasm for patching suboptimal healthcare systems with home testing seems premature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:01:41Z","timestamp":1762952501000},"page":"62-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Home Testing for Contagious Illness: Historical Context and Modern Caveats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3137-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Zuger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYC , New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"r1476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.r1476","article-title":"The pitfalls of diagnostic self-tests","volume":"390","author":"Watson","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2471\/B09080","volume-title":"Consolidated guidelines on differentiated HIV testing services","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02646-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02646-20","article-title":"At-home specimen self-collection and self-testing for sexually transmitted infection screening demand accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of laboratory implementation issues","volume":"59","author":"Kersh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1911.04260100019005","article-title":"The detection and estimation of glucose in urine","volume":"57","author":"Benedict","year":"1911","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B5","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Total dietary regulation in the treatment of diabetes","author":"Allen","year":"1919"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/4593492","article-title":"Glycosuria tests performed by diabetics at home","volume":"84","author":"Leifson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90693-4","article-title":"Reliability of blood glucose monitoring by patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"77","author":"Mazze","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B8","first-page":"483","article-title":"Diabetes detection drive","volume":"69","author":"Root","year":"1948","journal-title":"California Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.2.1.37","article-title":"Mass screening for diabetes: the use of a device for the collection of dried urine specimens and testing for sugar","volume":"2","author":"Olmsted","year":"1953","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.1.3.194","article-title":"Evaluation of a method of self-testing for diabetes: report of the Gloucester diabetes study","volume":"1","author":"Getting","year":"1952","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195110112451505","article-title":"Diabetes control: detection, public education and community aspects","volume":"245","author":"Blotner","year":"1951","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.72.9.1034","article-title":"Home pregnancy testing kits: prevalence of use, false-negative rates, and compliance with instructions.","volume":"72","author":"Valanis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.09.023","article-title":"Self-testing for pregnancy among women at risk: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Nettleman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.1991.tb00046.x","article-title":"How frequently are home pregnancy tests used? Results from the 1988 national maternal and infant health survey","volume":"18","author":"Jeng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2021.10.006","article-title":"Home pregnancy test use and timing of pregnancy confirmation among people seeking health care","volume":"107","author":"Ralph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2155-1","article-title":"Trends in timing of pregnancy awareness among US women","volume":"21","author":"Branum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Child Health J"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e054120","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054120","article-title":"Self-testing for pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B18","volume-title":"Hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities and Energy of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, 101st Congress: \u201cRisks and implications of AIDS-HIV testing in nontraditional laboratories and in the home","author":"United States Congress","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B19","first-page":"59","article-title":"Home HIV test goes to market","volume":"8","author":"Zuger","year":"1996","journal-title":"NEJM J Watch"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B20","first-page":"A1","volume-title":"Home test wins federal approval","author":"McNeil","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B21","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00545","article-title":"Home HIV testing: good news but not a game changer","volume":"157","author":"Paltiel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annal Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B23","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2013. HIV surveillance report","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad026","article-title":"Could home human immunodeficiency virus self-testing ever become a game changer?","volume":"76","author":"Wood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.5222","article-title":"Effect of internet-distributed HIV self-tests on HIV diagnosis and behavioral outcomes in men who have sex with men: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"180","author":"MacGowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Inter Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10784-y","article-title":"After the program ends: HIV testing behavior among men who have sex with men after the conclusion of a program providing regular home delivery of HIV self-testing kits","volume":"25","author":"Wray","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01835-z","article-title":"Comparing the effects of HIV self-testing to standard HIV testing for key populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Witzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2252684","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.52684","article-title":"Unreported SARS-CoV-2 home testing and test positivity","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1453","article-title":"Public health at the kitchen table: lessons from the home HIV test's long road to approval","volume":"53","author":"Zuger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.09.007","article-title":"How reliable are self-reports of HIV status disclosure? Evidence from couples in Malawi","volume":"144","author":"Conroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci & Med"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad025","article-title":"Accelerating human immunodeficiency virus self-testing in the United States: a call to action","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B32","author":"Jase"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2015.0100","article-title":"Just because It's out there, people aren\u2019t going to use it","volume":"29","author":"Frye","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"2026020904081100200_ciaf623-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012253032604","article-title":"Arrogance","volume":"303","author":"Ingelfinger","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf623\/65288061\/ciaf623.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/1\/62\/65288061\/ciaf623.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/82\/1\/62\/65288061\/ciaf623.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:08:29Z","timestamp":1770628109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/82\/1\/62\/8322891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaf623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}}}