{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:23:50Z","timestamp":1791591830706,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AI102634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AI102634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pii Sunyer"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1K01DA052821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01DA052821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Providence\/Boston Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30AI042853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI042853"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001080","name":"Patrick and Catherine Weldon Donaghue Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANRS CO3 AQUIVIH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRS CO3 AQUIVIH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001080","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001080","name":"Patrick and Catherine Weldon Donaghue Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001080","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"ANRS MIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tier I Canada Research Chair"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To inform hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance after hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure with direct-acting antivirals (DAA), we estimated HCC risk post-DAA in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis under universal DAA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from HepCAUSAL, a collaboration of cohorts of HIV\u2013HCV coinfection from Europe and North America. Eligibility criteria were HIV\u2013HCV coinfection, advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, DAA na\u00efve, HIV-RNA &amp;lt; 50\u2005copies\/mL, on antiretroviral therapy, no HBV coinfection, and no prior HCC diagnosis or liver transplant. Follow-up started when eligibility was met and ended at HCC diagnosis, death, loss to follow-up, 6 years, or database closure, whichever came first. We estimated the 6-year risk and annual probability of HCC if all eligible individuals had initiated DAA at baseline using a weighted pooled logistic model for the monthly HCC risk among DAA initiators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 3824 eligible individuals (92% males, median age 60 years [IQR: 54, 64]), 2373 (62%) who initiated DAA, 43 had an HCC diagnosis during follow-up. The estimated 6-year HCC risk (95% CI) under universal DAA was 2.5% (1.6, 3.9). Annual HCC probability was 0.81% (0.34, 1.54) between baseline and month 12 after DAA initiation, 0.64% (0.28, 1.19) between years 1 and 2, 0.50% (0.27, 0.84) between years 2 and 3, 0.34% (0.13, 0.63) between years 3 and 4, 0.19% (0.07, 0.33) between years 4 and 5, and 0.10% (0.01, 0.24) between years 5 and 6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An estimated 2.5% of people with HIV and advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis are diagnosed with HCC by 6 years post-DAA. Annual probability of HCC declines over time and falls below 0.4% after 3 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:47:44Z","timestamp":1763470064000},"page":"e942-e950","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in People With HIV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela K","family":"van Santen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Chalouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Berenguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IiSGM) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Jarrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Reial Academia de Medicina de Catalunya (RAMC) , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina B","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7861-1421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Torgersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher T","family":"Rentsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Alberta Clinic and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Surial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andri","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern , Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giota","family":"Touloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Wittkop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, CIC1401 , Bordeaux ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"SISTM, INRIA , Talence ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'information m\u00e9dicale , 33000 Bordeaux 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Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting HIV Monitoring , Amsterdam ,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella d'Arminio","family":"Monforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icona Foundation , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Puoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icona Foundation , Milan 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Rein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A","family":"Hern\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9419-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAUSALab and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052019263828100_ciaf635-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol 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