{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:29:35Z","timestamp":1793276975889,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AA029545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AA029545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 AA020794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 AA020794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10 AA013566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10 AA013566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AA020790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AA020790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AA020795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AA020795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One in 3 people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1; PWH) are hepatitis B (HBV) core antibody positive (anti-HBc+) and surface antigen negative (HBsAg\u2212) suggesting prior exposure. HBV reactivation can occur in this group if nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretrovirals (ARV) active against both HIV and HBV are stopped. We describe HBV reactivation in anti\u2013HBc+\/HBsAg\u2212 PWH following switch from ARV with HBV activity to ARV without HBV activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified an at-risk cohort of 5986 anti-HBc+ participants switched from HBV-active to non\u2013HBV-active ARV on or before 31 December 2023 and HBsAg\u2212 on the most recent result preceding switch from 63 153 PWH in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. We defined HBV reactivation as HBV DNA detection or HBsAg+ result at any time following switch. HBV-active ARV included lamivudine, emtricitabine, or tenofovir.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty (0.67%) anti-HBc+\/HBsAg\u2212 PWH experienced HBV reactivation after switch to non\u2013HBV-active ARV, with median time to reactivation 8.9 months (interquartile range 5.5\u201326.7). The rate of HBV reactivation was 25.1 per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.4\u201334.3). Prespecified subgroup analyses revealed higher rates per 10 000 person-years of HBV reactivation in those HBsAg+ in the remote past with no hepatitis B surface antibody positive (anti-HBs+) result (321; 95% CI, 120\u2013855) versus subgroups never previously HBsAg+ or anti-HBs+ (38.0; 95% CI, 22.9\u201363.0), or anti-HBs+ but never HBsAg+ (17.4; 95% CI, 11.2\u201327.0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall risk of HBV reactivation appears low after switch from HBV-active to non\u2013HBV-active ARV among anti-HBc+ PWH with no prior HBsAg+. Our results inform provider-patient discussion about HBV reactivation risk when considering ARV switching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:55:56Z","timestamp":1773831356000},"page":"e735-e742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hepatitis B Reactivation in a US Cohort of People With HIV and Hepatitis B Core Antibody After Switch to Antiretroviral Therapy Without Hepatitis B Activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel V","family":"Denyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Washington VA Medical Center , Washington D.C. ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington D.C. 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Weintrob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Washington VA Medical Center , Washington D.C. ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University , Washington D.C. ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043013152210100_ciag001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab366","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and number of persons with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and associated occult hepatitis B, United States, 2001\u20132018","volume":"225","author":"Spradling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect 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