{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1792701757205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper is part of a larger clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusion and empyema in children, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In this paper, the panel provides recommendations for pleural fluid drainage in children (3 months to 18 years) with parapneumonic effusion and empyema. The panel\u2019s recommendations are based upon evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:20:13Z","timestamp":1773404413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["2026 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society on The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older than 3 Months of Age: The Use of Pleural Fluid Drainage versus Observation"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Shawn D","family":"St. Peter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City , Kansas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krow","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah , Utah ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital , Washington State ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Cabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6085-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of South Florida , Florida ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd A","family":"Florin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Illinois ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Allergy & Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine , Missouri ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra L","family":"Palazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine , Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UC San Diego School of Medicine , California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M","family":"Statile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital, \u00a0 Ohio ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Department of Pediatrics , Tennessee ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Affairs and Practice Guidelines, Infectious Diseases Society of America , Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir S","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Hospital Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center , Ohio ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag188\/67367594\/ciag188.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag188\/67367594\/ciag188.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T08:22:28Z","timestamp":1773649348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag188\/8524652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"article-number":"ciag188"}}