{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:20:48Z","timestamp":1788366048140,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI058736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI058736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005294","name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"UK National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-2017-08-ST2-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-2017-08-ST2-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) causes 13%\u201320% of deaths among people with HIV (PWH) globally. We examined the cost-effectiveness of improving access to CM diagnostics and treatment among PWH initiating HIV care with a positive serum cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) test in Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the CEPAC-I model to simulate (1) Current care (CM treatment if diagnosed with CM; otherwise preemptive fluconazole) and assessed 7 intervention strategies to expand care: (2) lumbar puncture (LP); (3) semi-quantitative serum CrAg (CrAgSQ) alone; or (4) CrAgSQ plus confirmatory LP for asymptomatic people with CrAg+; and (5) 98% access to liposomal amphotericin B\/flucytosine\/fluconazole (LAmB\/5FC\/Fluc) for diagnosed CM, as well as improving access to CM treatment with each diagnostic strategy (6, 7, 8). The simulated cohort has mean CD4 27\/\u00b5L, age 37 years; 16% have symptomatic CM, 28% asymptomatic CM, and 56% asymptomatic cryptococcemia. Model outcomes include 1-year survival, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) assessed at 2 cost-effectiveness thresholds: US$150\/QALY and US$600\/QALY.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current care results in 70% 1-year survival, 10.67 QALYs, and costs US$2290\/person. 98% access to LAmB\/5FC\/Fluc increases survival (+2.2%) and QALYs (+0.33 undiscounted QALYs) at lifetime costs of US$2320\/person (ICER, US$140\/QALY). CrAgSQ plus confirmatory LP for asymptomatic CrAg+ and 98% access to LAmB\/5FC\/Fluc results in +6.0% 1-year survival, +0.97 QALYs, +US$190\/person (ICER, US$380\/QALY). Results are sensitive to test characteristics and uptake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving access to LAmB\/5FC\/Fluc and expanding diagnostics to improve detection of asymptomatic CM would improve clinical outcomes and be cost-effective in Malawi and similar settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1776339767000},"page":"e346-e356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Improving Access to Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Treatment in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Mary","family":"Feser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thulani","family":"Maphosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Malawi Research Department, , Lilongwe ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Shroufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria HIV Team, , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Rangaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3965-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia R","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Songane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategic Information and Evaluation, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation , Maputo ,","place":["Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4143-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Matiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Malawi Research Department, , Lilongwe ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5439-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard Health Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eltas","family":"Nyirenda-Dziwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, University of Malawi College of Medicine , Chichiri, Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Centre for Integrated Data and Epidemiological Research, University of Cape Town , Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Nyirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National HIV, Viral Hepatitis & STI Program, Malawi Ministry of Health , Lilongwe 3 ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Department for Infection and Population Health, Institute for Global Health, , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth A","family":"Freedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appolinaire","family":"Tiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Technical Strategy and Innovation Department, , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana-Harvard Health Partnership , Gaborone ,","place":["Botswana"]},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8721-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P","family":"Hyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6","article-title":"The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1086\/516298","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"26","author":"Heyderman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1086\/649861","article-title":"Combination flucytosine and high dose fluconazole is superior to fluconazole monotherapy for cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial in Malawi","volume":"50","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710922","article-title":"Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2111904","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B treatment for cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"386","author":"Jarvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B6","author":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B7","author":"Gakuru"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy567","article-title":"Impact of routine cryptococcal antigen screening and targeted preemptive fluconazole therapy in antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency virus\u2013infected adults with CD4 cell counts &lt;100 \u03bcL: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Temfack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix872","article-title":"High cryptococcal antigen titers in blood are predictive of subclinical cryptococcal meningitis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"66","author":"Wake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00656-9","article-title":"Diagnostic capacity for invasive fungal infections in advanced HIV disease in Africa: a continent-wide survey","volume":"23","author":"Lakoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B11","volume-title":"Identifying common opportunistic infections among people with advanced HIV disease: policy brief","author":"WHO","year":"2024","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-020-00228-z","article-title":"Impact of community engagement and social support on the outcomes of HIV-related meningitis clinical trials in a resource-limited setting","volume":"6","author":"Kwizera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Involv Engagem"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0699","article-title":"Patient, provider, and health systems factors leading to lumbar puncture nonperformance in Zambia: a qualitative investigation of the \u2018tap gap\u2019","volume":"108","author":"Saylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00441-20","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel semiquantitative cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in patients with advanced HIV disease","volume":"58","author":"Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B15","article-title":"Cryptococcal antigen titers and semi-quantitative assay scores among people with HIV-associated cryptococcal antigenemia","volume":"0","author":"Mwamba","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e773","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac689","article-title":"Access to medicines for treating people with cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"76","author":"Burry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B17"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00190-1","article-title":"Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of the WHO-recommended advanced HIV disease package of care","volume":"13","author":"Hyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12195","article-title":"Recommendations for conduct, methodological practices, and reporting of cost-effectiveness analyses: second panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine","volume":"316","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.02.017","article-title":"Country-level cost-effectiveness thresholds: initial estimates and the need for further research","volume":"19","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e833","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00162-6","article-title":"Determining the efficiency path to universal health coverage: cost-effectiveness thresholds for 174 countries based on growth in life expectancy and health expenditures","volume":"11","author":"Pichon-Riviere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B22","volume-title":"Clinical management of HIV in children and adults","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001669","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of a multisite cryptococcal screening and treatment program in HIV clinics in Uganda","volume":"78","author":"Nalintya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B24","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i1.12058","article-title":"Cutting the cost of South African antiretroviral therapy using newer, safer drugs","volume":"107","author":"Venter","year":"2017","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904340","article-title":"Dolutegravir-based or low-dose Efavirenz-based regimen for the treatment of HIV-1","volume":"381","author":"NAMSAL ANRS 12313 Study Group","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25084","article-title":"Retention and mortality on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: collaborative analyses of HIV treatment programmes: collaborative","volume":"21","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1086\/597262","article-title":"Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa","volume":"48","author":"Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B29","article-title":"Evaluation of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow immunoassay in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B30","volume-title":"Benchmark price comparison list","author":"CHAI Antiretroviral (ARV)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00450-8","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of single, high-dose, liposomal amphotericin regimen for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in five countries in sub-Saharan Africa: an economic analysis of the AMBITION-cm trial","volume":"10","author":"Lawrence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B32","unstructured":"The Global Fund\n          . Pooled procurement mechanism reference pricing: RDTs (version: Q4 2023). Geneva, Switzerland: The Global Fund, 2023."},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B33","first-page":"897","article-title":"Cost of providing advanced HIV disease treatment services through Malawi's Hub-and-spoke model","volume":"111","author":"Songane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2471\/B09471","volume-title":"Overview of WHO recommendations on HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing, prevention, treatment, care and service delivery","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad076","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis and clinical outcomes in persons with human immunodeficiency virus: a global view","volume":"76","author":"Person","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00190-7","article-title":"The current state of clinical mycology in Africa: a European confederation of medical mycology and international society for human and animal mycology survey","volume":"3","author":"Driemeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002397","article-title":"When cost-effective interventions are unaffordable: integrating cost-effectiveness and budget impact in priority setting for global health programs","volume":"14","author":"Bilinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz163","article-title":"Addition of flucytosine to fluconazole for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa: a multicountry cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"70","author":"Shiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001316","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis treatment strategies in resource-limited settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"9","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy971","article-title":"Healthcare costs and life-years gained from treatments within the advancing cryptococcal meningitis treatment for Africa (ACTA) trial on cryptococcal meningitis: a comparison of antifungal induction strategies in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06268-9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of flucytosine as induction therapy in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected adults in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Miot","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B42"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00225-0","article-title":"Paving the way for affordable and equitable liposomal amphotericin B access worldwide","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B44"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60164-7","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis screening and community-based early adherence support in people with advanced HIV infection starting antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania and Zambia: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Mfinanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001899","article-title":"Laboratory-reflex cryptococcal antigen screening is associated with a survival benefit in Tanzania","volume":"80","author":"Faini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab038","article-title":"Association of semi-quantitative cryptococcal antigen results in plasma with subclinical cryptococcal meningitis and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease","volume":"59","author":"Blasich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B48","author":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B49","author":"Health Sector Strategic Plan III 2023-2030"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00181-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of interventions for HIV\/AIDS, malaria, syphilis, and tuberculosis in 128 countries: a meta-regression analysis","volume":"12","author":"Silke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090211572220900_ciag270-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4722","article-title":"Estimating health care costs at scale in low- and middle-income countries: mathematical notations and frameworks for the application of cost functions","volume":"32","author":"d\u2019Elb\u00e9e","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Econ"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag270\/68413845\/ciag270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/83\/2\/e346\/68413845\/ciag270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/83\/2\/e346\/68413845\/ciag270.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:57:43Z","timestamp":1788364663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/83\/2\/e346\/8696455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}