{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:20:50Z","timestamp":1788366050680,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance disproportionally affects low- and middle-income countries. We calculated the burden of resistant and susceptible Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (BSIs) in ACORN2, a prospective clinical surveillance study in adults and children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with culture-confirmed community-acquired susceptible and resistant E. coli (third-generation cephalosporin susceptible [3GC-S] and resistant [3GC-R]) and S. aureus (methicillin-resistant [MRSA] and methicillin-susceptible [MSSA]) BSIs were compared against blood culture\u2013negative patients (controls). Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for competing events of in-hospital mortality and discharge alive. Length of hospital stay (LOS) was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 22 802 blood cultures taken, there were 329 E. coli (177 [53.8%] 3GC-R) and 363 S. aureus (132 [36.4%] MRSA) BSIs. In-hospital mortality was 8.4% for controls, 20.1% for E. coli (20.3% 3GC-R; 19.7% 3GC-S), and 13.1% for S. aureus (12.2% MRSA; 13.7% MSSA). 3GC-S but not 3GC-R E. coli BSI cases had higher adjusted hazard of death than controls (HRs, 1.73 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.20\u20132.49] and 1.38 [95% CI, .99\u20131.94]); risk of dying was the same for 3GC-S compared with 3GC-R infections (P = .882). Neither MSSA nor MRSA BSI patients were more likely to die than controls (HRs, 1.33 [95% CI, .91\u20131.93] and 1.00 [95% CI, .61\u20131.66]) nor MSSA versus MRSA (P = .891). The hazard of discharge alive for both resistant and susceptible S. aureus and E. coli decreased significantly when compared with controls. LOS was 2 (95% CI, 0\u20133) days and 1 (95% CI, \u22121 to 3) day longer for resistant compared with susceptible infections, for E. coli and S. aureus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial-resistant infections were not associated with increased mortality in ACORN2. Drug-resistant BSI had longer LOS compared with susceptible infections, but CIs encompassed 0 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:29:57Z","timestamp":1776770997000},"page":"e291-e299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mortality and Length of Stay Associated With Community-Acquired\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Bloodstream Infections: An Observational Study in 9 Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1989-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children , Siem Reap ,","place":["Cambodia"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Tosas-Auguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Antimicrobial Resistance Department, , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Waithira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare L","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children , Siem Reap ,","place":["Cambodia"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8599-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamalee","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thyl","family":"Miliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children , Siem Reap ,","place":["Cambodia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1797-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah","family":"Obeng-Nkrumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana , Accra ,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Japheth A","family":"Opintan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School , Accra ,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel P","family":"Abbeyquaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Division, 37 Military Hospital , Accra ,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raph L","family":"Hamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia Rosa","family":"Saharman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]},{"name":"Pelni Hospital Department of Internal Medicine, , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pelni Hospital Department of Internal Medicine, , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]},{"name":"Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulya Rahma","family":"Karyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Fera","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]},{"name":"University of Indonesia Hospital Department of Microbiology, , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel O","family":"Akech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme Health Services Unit, , Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anousone","family":"Douangnouvong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamla","family":"Choumlivong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setthathirath Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4041-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A","family":"Feasey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews , St Andrews ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9869-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Kululanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Lissauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences , Blantyre ,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhilasha","family":"Karkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal , Lalitpur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayan","family":"Kunwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal , Lalitpur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justice Enosetale","family":"Erakhaiwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iruka N","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ini","family":"Adebiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0290-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olukemi A","family":"Adekanmbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1583-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiodun B","family":"Oduola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babatunde O","family":"Ogunbosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Hospital Department of Paediatrics, , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Ibadan Department of Paediatrics, , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2252-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehinde A","family":"Ojifinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University College Hospital , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olukemi O","family":"Tongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma A","family":"Ude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University College Hospital , Ibadan ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4280-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron O","family":"Aboderin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusegun","family":"Adekanle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeyemi T","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester S","family":"Edward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile-Ife ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugowe","family":"Osagie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex , Ile-Ife ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hanoi , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thach Ngoc","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital of Tropical Diseases Institute for Training and Research in Tropical Diseases, , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giang","family":"Van Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital of Tropical Diseases Institute for Training and Research in Tropical Diseases, , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]},{"name":"Hanoi Medical University Department of Infectious Diseases, , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ecb Lan","family":"Ho\u00e0ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hue Central Hospital , Hue ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00f9ng H\u1eefu","family":"Tr\u1ecbnh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital 2 , Ho Chi Minh City ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9807-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H Rogier","family":"van Doorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hanoi , Hanoi ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children , Siem Reap ,","place":["Cambodia"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue J","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok ,","place":["Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and School of Translational Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B1","volume-title":"The WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All. Insight Nr. 2: approaches and tools to help finance and implement national action plans on AMR","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.037","article-title":"Surveillance strategies using routine microbiology for antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002184","article-title":"Will 10 million people die a year due to antimicrobial resistance by 2050?","volume":"13","author":"de Kraker","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz464","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of bloodstream infections due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Lester","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30276-2","article-title":"Improving the estimation of the global burden of antimicrobial resistant infections","volume":"19","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.01.004","article-title":"Methodological quality of studies evaluating the burden of drug-resistant infections in humans due to the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System target bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Pezzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B8","volume-title":"GLASS method for estimating attributable mortality of antimicrobial resistant bloodstream infections","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B9","volume-title":"Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) report 2022","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B10","volume-title":"WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00233-5","article-title":"Mortality associated with third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections at eight sub-Saharan African hospitals (MBIRA): a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Aiken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.03.015","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1","key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.09.001","article-title":"A systematic review on the excess health risk of antibiotic-resistant bloodstream infections for six key pathogens in Europe","volume":"30","author":"Hassoun-Kheir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004199","article-title":"The impact of inpatient bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Allel","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.19210.1","article-title":"ACORN (A Clinically-Oriented antimicrobial Resistance surveillance Network) II: protocol for case based antimicrobial resistance surveillance","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15681.1","article-title":"ACORN (A Clinically-Oriented antimicrobial Resistance surveillance Network): a pilot protocol for case based antimicrobial resistance surveillance","volume":"5","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18317.1","article-title":"A Clinically Oriented antimicrobial Resistance surveillance Network (ACORN): pilot implementation in three countries in Southeast Asia, 2019\u20132020","volume":"7","author":"van Doorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101228","article-title":"Prospective characterisation of drug resistant bloodstream infections in Africa and Asia (ACORN2): a surveillance network assessment","volume":"7","author":"Hopkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B19","author":"Celhay"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B20","author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6229","article-title":"Association of the quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score with excess hospital mortality in adults with suspected infection in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"319","author":"Rudd","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A93","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306237.215","article-title":"G218(P). The Paediatric Sepsis 6 Initiative","volume":"99","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B23","volume-title":"Stata 18 statistical software","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002480","article-title":"The updated Charlson Comorbidity Index is a useful predictor of mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"146","author":"Ternavasio-de la Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B26","first-page":"30","article-title":"Snp16: robust confidence intervals for median and other percentile differences between groups","volume":"58","author":"Newson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stata Technical Bull"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103384","article-title":"The prevalence and risk of mortality associated with antimicrobial resistance within nosocomial settings\u2014a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 20,000 patients","volume":"87","author":"George","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106529","article-title":"A benchmarking study of thirty-day mortality following Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli bacteremia","volume":"91","author":"Temkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000830","article-title":"Excess mortality attributable to antimicrobial-resistant bacterial bloodstream infection at a tertiary-care hospital in Indonesia","volume":"2","author":"Tauran","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2911.230753","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance, Latin America","volume":"29","author":"Ciapponi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30319","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.33.30319","article-title":"The health and economic burden of bloodstream infections caused by antimicrobial-susceptible and non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in European hospitals, 2010 and 2011: a multicentre retrospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Stewardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B32","volume-title":"Development, implementation and assessment of enhanced antimicrobial resistance (AMR)","author":"ACORN"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B33","volume-title":"Methodological principles of nationally representative surveys as a platform for global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in human bloodstream infections.","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090211574323900_ciag275-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.07.033","article-title":"Nomenclature, definitions, and methodological approaches to estimate the association between antimicrobial treatment and clinical outcomes of drug-resistant bloodstream infections","volume":"31","author":"Hassoun-Kheir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag275\/68445944\/ciag275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/83\/2\/e291\/68445944\/ciag275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/83\/2\/e291\/68445944\/ciag275.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:57:52Z","timestamp":1788364672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/83\/2\/e291\/8699588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciag275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]}}}