{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:47:52Z","timestamp":1785941272850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012095","name":"Scottish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrum Scientific"},{"name":"MedEx Solutions"},{"name":"Integrum Scientific"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007560","name":"Chiesi Farmaceutici","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unvetted scientific claims about vaccines can spread rapidly and undermine decades of progress in immunization and public trust. A recent non-peer-reviewed analysis, promoted at political hearings, in the documentary \u201cAn Inconvenient Study,\u201d and on social media, has been used to suggest that vaccinated children experience higher rates of chronic illness than unvaccinated peers. Despite standard regression models, critical flaws - uncontrolled confounding, exposure misclassification, unequal follow-up, and outcome multiplicity, invalidate causal inference. An independent group of international experts critically appraises this analysis and contrast its claims with the consistent evidence confirming vaccine safety and effectiveness. We also show how poorly designed studies can distort public discourse, amplify misinformation, and fuel vaccine hesitancy. We outline actions to strengthen research integrity, such as transparent data sharing, labeling of non-peer-reviewed content, and evidence-based communication. Safeguarding public health demands that vaccine evidence be methodologically sound, reviewed, and interpreted by qualified experts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciag403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:50:17Z","timestamp":1783083017000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaccines, Bias, and the Perils of Non-peer-reviewed Studies: Fueling Misinformation and Vaccine Hesitancy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9652-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Munblit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Care for Long Term Conditions Division, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow ,","place":["Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Buonsenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Area Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Scienza Della Vita E Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore , Roma ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero L","family":"Olliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC), Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9700-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm G","family":"Semple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"The Pandemic Institute , Liverpool ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Greenhawt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Scientific Council, Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America , Arlington, Virginia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5764-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Genuneit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt\/Main ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat","family":"Ashkenazi-Hoffnung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Day Hospitalization, Schneider Children's Medical Center , Petach-Tikva ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Wilder-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization and Vaccines Department, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John O","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aileen Y","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center , Lahore, Punjab ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0153-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Dwi","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A","family":"Poland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Atria Academy of Science and Medicine , New York, New York ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Boaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Precision Public Health Laboratory (MeSP\u00b2), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Salvador, Bahia ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Apfelbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg 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