{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:42:03Z","timestamp":1789875723163,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,30]],"date-time":"2012-03-30T00:31:27Z","timestamp":1333067487000},"page":"1364-1372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Tuberculosis Incidence Among HIV-Positive Patients in High-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"name":"The HIV-CAUSAL Collaborationa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.22.2767","article-title":"Evolution of tuberculosis control and prospects for reducing tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and deaths globally","volume":"293","author":"Dye","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70078-5","article-title":"Antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in the prevention of HIV-associated tuberculosis in settings with limited health-care resources","volume":"10","author":"Lawn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70140-7","article-title":"Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals","volume":"5","author":"Lawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70026-8","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910370","article-title":"Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti","volume":"363","author":"Severe","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08904-3","article-title":"Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Badri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.10","article-title":"Effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in a South African program: a cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Fairall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000826","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of tuberculosis: the Brazilian experience, 1995\u20132001","volume":"2","author":"Miranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328216f441","article-title":"The impact of antiretroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis incidence in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Golub","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/338641","article-title":"Reduced risk of tuberculosis among Brazilian patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"34","author":"Santoro-Lopes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.23.2220","article-title":"AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"282","author":"Ledergerber","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.9908018","article-title":"Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium among HIV-infected patients after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. EuroSIDA Study Group JD","volume":"162","author":"Kirk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200009080-00015","article-title":"Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on the risk of tuberculosis among persons with HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Girardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib15","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis in HIV-positive subjects by HAART status","volume":"12","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283366747","article-title":"FHDH-ANRS CO4. HIV-associated tuberculosis and immigration in a high-income country: incidence trends and risk factors in recent years","volume":"24","author":"Abgrall","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283320dfd","article-title":"Tuberculosis among people with HIV infection in the United Kingdom: opportunities for prevention?","volume":"23","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1086\/510080","article-title":"Reducing tuberculosis incidence by tuberculin skin testing, preventive treatment, and antiretroviral therapy in an area of low tuberculosis transmission","volume":"44","author":"Elzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib19","first-page":"1026","article-title":"HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The Adult\/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Group","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182182e2d","article-title":"Tuberculosis risk before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation: does HAART increase the short-term TB risk in a low incidence TB setting?","volume":"57","author":"Pettit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283324283","article-title":"The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals","volume":"24","author":"HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70184-1","article-title":"for International Network for the Study of HIV-associated IRIS. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings","volume":"8","author":"Meintjes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43","article-title":"A structural approach to selection bias","volume":"15","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980594","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/980594","article-title":"Changing concepts of \u201clatent tuberculosis infection\u201d in patients living with HIV infection","volume":"2011","author":"Lawn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1086\/595985","article-title":"Unmasked tuberculosis and tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory disease: a disease spectrum after initiation of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"199","author":"Manabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283390dd1","article-title":"Tuberculosis during the first year of antiretroviral therapy in a South African cohort using an intensive pretreatment screening strategy","volume":"24","author":"Lawn","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib28","volume-title":"Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Selected papers","author":"Styblo","year":"1991"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00013","article-title":"HIV and premature aging: a field still in its infancy","volume":"153","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328144205_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302403","article-title":"Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City","volume":"330","author":"Alland","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/54\/9\/1364\/13803143\/cis203.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T22:16:44Z","timestamp":1641680204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/54\/9\/1364\/392074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]]}}}